1. General Description 1.1 National Economic and Social Development In 1997, Shanghai has made a new progress in reform and opening, and attained new achievements in the construction of socialist modernization. 1.1.1 Continuously Rapid and Sound Growth of Economy In 1997, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Shanghai was 336.02 billion yuan RMB, 12.7% higher than that in 1996 on a comparable price basis, while GDP per capita was in excess of 3,000 US dollars. The increment in the output of primary industry was 7.58 billion yuan, 4.2% higher than that in 1996. The increment in the output of secondary industry was 175.44 billion yuan, 10.6% higher than that in 1996 (the total value of industrial output was 560.63 billion yuan, 14.6% higher than that in 1996), in which the industrial output increased 158.04 billion yuan, 10.2% higher than that in 1996. The increment in the output of tertiary industry was 153.00 billion yuan, 17.7% higher than that in 1996. The outputs of primary, secondary and tertiary industries accounted for 2.3%, 52.2% and 45.5% of the GDP respectively. 1.1.2 New Changes in City¡¯s Appearance In 1997, the investment for the construction of urban infrastructure amounted to 36.94 billion yuan, 4.0% higher than that in 1996. The construction of Xupu Bridge, the eastern section of Yan¡¯an Elevated Road, Cao-Min Elevated Road (Phase I) and some main streets have been completed. Some major construction projects, such as the water intake relocation to the Upper Huangpu River (Phase II) and Waigaoqiao Power Plant (Phase I) have been commissioned. In addition, the construction pace of a number of key projects has been speeding up, such as the construction of Metro Line No.2, Outer Ring Road (Phase I), Pudong International Airport, the Shanghai section of Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway, natural gas exploited from the East China Sea and Shanghai Sewerage Project (Phase II). Accomplishment of Urban Construction in 1997
1.1.3 Population Growth Rate Remains Negative By the end of 1997, the registered population in Shanghai was 13.07 million while the permanent resident population reached 14.57 million. A birth rate of the permanent resident population was 5.5¡ë and a death rate 6.8¡ë with a natural population growth rate of -1.3¡ë. 1.1.4 Housing Conditions Improved In 1997, the investment for dwelling house construction in urban districts and townships amounted to 44.74 billion yuan with 14.968 million square meters of floor area completed. Dwelling area per capita in urban districts reached 9.0 square meters. To rehabilitate the old areas, about half million square meters of shacks and simple houses have been demolished. While new residential areas being constructed, public utilities are accordingly equipped. Meanwhile, additional 159,000 square meters for public utilities use have been made available for fulfilling the housing built in the past. 1.2 Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Urban Environment In 1997, guided by the strategy of sustainable development, the environmental protection in Shanghai has been focused on improving environmental quality. Special attention has been paid to the comprehensive rehabilitation of urban environment. Both environmental laws and environmental supervision have been rigorously enforced to give impetus to doing all kinds of work smoothly. 1.2.1 Implementation of State Council¡¯s ?Decision on Certain Matters pertinent to Environmental Protection Shanghai Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Supervisory Committee jointly organized inspections to individual districts/counties and units concerned on implementation of the State Council¡¯s ?Decision on Certain Matters pertinent to Environmental Protection?. On the basis of self-inspecting and reporting, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the Municipal Supervisory Committee invited deputies of the Municipal People¡¯s Congress, members of the Municipal People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference and the specially-designated inspectors to make inspection of: ? environmental protection undertaken in Pudong New Area; The inspections showed that all the units had firmly paid great attention to the implementation of the State Council¡¯s Council¡¯s ?Decision? and had taken effective measures to result in some success to certain extent. 1.2.2 Total Load Control As an essential task for total pollution load control, applying for pollution emitting license has been accomplished in Shanghai in 1997. 6,597 units have completed their detailed application form while 7,468 units have filled in their simplified form. Total pollution loads of more than 800 major industrial enterprises at the municipal and district/county levels have been checked and approved. As another essential task for total pollution load control, a general survey of pollution sources of township and village enterprises has also been finished in 1997 covering 4,635 enterprises in 13 districts/counties. It shows that in 1995 the total volume of industrial wastewater from township and village enterprises reached 145.211 million cubic meters accounting for 11.1% of that in the whole city, and the total quantity of exhaust gas did 70.230 billion normal cubic meters accounting for 12.1% of that in Shanghai. 1.2.3 Trans-Century Green Plan In 1997, 3 projects which have been listed in the national program of trans-century green plan have been completed in Shanghai, namely the removal of flares in Gaoqiao Petrochemical Company, Wastewater Treatment Plant of Taopu Industrial Quarter and the comprehensive environmental rehabilitation of Taopu Industrial Quarter. Of the 29 projects of Shanghai listed in the national program of trans-century green plan, 6 ones have been accomplished, 15 ones are on going, and the other 8 ones are in their pre-stage. In those accomplished projects, 3 ones have been completed in 1997 namely the removal of flares in Gaoqiao Petrochemical Company, Wastewater Treatment Plant of Taopu Industrial Quarter and the comprehensive environmental rehabilitation of Taopu Industrial Quarter. 1.2.4 Environmental Construction In 1997, 92.0% of the households in urban districts have been served by town gas, yet in 1996 the percentage was 91.4%. Noise has been controlled below the allowable limit in additional areas of 9.9 square kilometers so that the qualified noise compliance zones have covered 52% of the total area of the city. Smoke-and-dust control areas have been maintained covering the whole city. Diverted and sewered urban wastewaters amounted to 2.20 million cubic meters per day, in which 1.43 million cubic meters were intercepted by the Shanghai Sewerage Project (Phase I), and sewage treatment rate reached 39.9%. Greening level has been further enhanced in the city, and the per capita public green space increased from 1.9 square meters in 1996 to 2.3 in 1997 with the green space coverage rate raised from 17.0% to 17.8%. 140 enterprises (workshops) have been shut down, held up, merged or switched to other production owing to their pollution, and 244 pollution control projects have been completed within a specified time. 1.2.5 Comprehensive Environmental Rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek A campaign of comprehensive environmental rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek has been launched in 1997. Focusing on improving water quality and by looking into both its root cause and symptoms, the program is to be implemented step by step. 10 projects such as interception pollution load in some tributary catchments, the construction of lock gates, reconstruction of pumping stations, maintaining tidiness of the water surface, removal of wharves etc. will be put into practice by stages. 4 demonstration sites along the bank with a total length of 2,230 meters have been fulfilled in Huangpu, Jing¡¯an, Hongkou and Zhabei Districts. 1.2.6 Rehabilitation of Heavily Polluted Areas As one of vital efforts carried out by the Municipal Government in 1997, Taopu Industrial Quarter has got rid of the label of ¡°heavily polluted area¡±. The comprehensive environmental rehabilitation of Taopu Industrial Quarter has proceeded for a period of ten years with a total investment of 726 million yuan. 112 pollution control projects have been completed in industrial enterprises. It has been realized that 30,000 cubic meters of wastewaters per day were separated between so-called clean and dirty water, and 4.445 million normal cubic meters of industrial process exhaust gas were under controlled. 50 chimneys have been removed and 34 boilers have been dismantled. An industrial wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 60,000 cubic meters per day has been built. 4 sets of 20 tonnes per hour steam boilers have been installed and a network with a total length of 6.7 kilometers pipeline has been laid for district heating. 867 households have been resettled. Green belts of an area of 44 hectares have been established making the green coverage rate of 25.9%. 1.2.7 Unleaded Petrol Put to Use In order to ease the lead pollution caused by automobile exhaust gas, unleaded petrol has been put to use in Shanghai since the 1st October 1997. The Municipal Government promulgated an ?Announcement? about using unleaded auto petrol. During the period from the 1st through 15th December 1997, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau made some spot check of the lead content in petrol from 526 petrol stations. The result shows that the lead content in petrol supplied in all those stations met the specification. 1.3 Making Government Affaires Open In 1997, the administrative authorities of environmental protection at different levels began to make government affaires open to set up an image of being dutiful, efficient, practical and keen to serve the people. Supervision and Management Department of Shanghai Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, and Shanghai Environmental Supervision Agency have been identified as ¡°window¡± units where they are open to handle affairs. 2 Environmental Planning and Assessment 2.1 The 9th Five-Year Plan of Environmental Protection of Shanghai and Long-Term Objectives of the Year 2010 The Shanghai Municipal Government in 1997 sanctioned ?the 9th Five-Year Plan of Environmental Protection of Shanghai and Long-Term Objectives of the Year 2010? in principle. It was provided in the sanction that:
2.2 China¡¯s Agenda 21 ¡ª Shanghai Action Plan For Shanghai was appointed as one of the first six tentative cities to implement the China¡¯s Agenda 21, the ?China¡¯s Agenda 21 ¡ª Shanghai Action Plan? has begun to draw up in 1997. Environmental protection is a key to realize sustainable development. The following seven fields for environmental protection and integrated rehabilitation have been listed in the Shanghai Action Plan:
2.3 Environmental Protection Planning ?The 9th Five-Year Program and Year 2010 Plan for Water Pollution Prevention for Taihu Lake Basin and Upper-Huangpu River Catchment? has been drawn up in 1997. It provides that pollution load of industrial, livestock, domestic, tourist service and agricultural sources shall be reduced; water conservancy construction shall be promoted, and middle and small scaled waterways shall be rehabilitated. ?Planning of Shanghai Natural Preservation Areas? has been worked out in 1997. According to the planning, Jinshan Three-Island Preserve, Sheshan National Forest Park, and Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming Island are to be improved; Dongtan (eastern shoal) Bird Preserve in Chongming Island, Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser Sinensis) Preserve in the estuary of Yangtse River, and Beiganshan Natural Preservation Area are to be established. Investigation has been taken for establishment of preserves in Dianshan Lake, Hengsha Isle and Jiuduansha Sandbar. 2.4 Zoning of Environmental Functions 2.4.1 Functional Zoning of Aquatic Environment in Shanghai The Municipal Government in 1997 has sanctioned ?Functional Zoning of Aquatic Environment of Shanghai?. According to the national ?Environmental Standards for Surface Water Quality? (GB3838-88), the functional zoning of water quality in Shanghai is divided into four categories to which water quality standard of categories II, III, IV and V are applied respectively. 2.4.2 Functional Zoning of Ambient Air Quality in Shanghai ?Functional Zoning of Ambient Air Quality of Shanghai? has been worked out in 1997 and sanctioned by the Municipal Government in 1997. According to the national ?Ambient Air Quality Standard? (GB3095-1996), Shanghai has been divided into three categories of ambient air quality zoning to which air quality standard grades 1, 2 and 3 are applied respectively. 2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment and ¡°Three-Simultaneity¡± System In 1997, 115 sets of environmental impact statements for construction projects have been prepared, of which 59 ones were reviewed and approved at municipal level and 56 ones were at district/county level. 3,175 sets of environmental impact forms for construction projects have been completed, of which 457 ones were reviewed and approved at municipal level and the other 2,718 ones were at district/county level. In the pre-development stage of Shanghai Chemical Industrial Zone, a regional environmental impact assessment was conducted focusing on the influence of industrial pollution on Hangzhou Bay. As a result, measures for ecological protection and centralized control of pollution have been proposed. By means of silting promoted by artificial planting, an ecological habitat suitable for birds has been formed at Jiuduansha Sandbar in the mouth of the Yangtse River near the Pudong International Airport that is under construction. It serves for both guiding the migrant birds and ensuring safety while airplanes taking off or landing. 4,373 ¡°three-simultaneity¡± projects have been examined and approved in 1997, of which 516 ones were at municipal level and the other 3,857 ones were at district/county level. The total investment for environmental protection in those projects amounted to 1.91 billion yuan, of which 1,47 billion yuan was approved at municipal level and 440 million yuan was at district/county level. 2.2% of the total investment were allocated for environmental protection in construction projects. 2.6 Investment in Environmental Protection In 1997, 8.24 billion yuan, 2.5% of GDP, were allocated for environmental protection in Shanghai including for control of old pollution sources, relocation of some polluted enterprises, ¡°three-simultaneity¡± of environmental protection in new projects, urban infrastructure, regional comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, and self-strengthening of the departments responsible for environmental protection. The expense for old pollution source control amounted to 460 million yuan for 312 projects. In 1997, 337 pollution control projects have been commissioned with an extra capacity for wastewater treatment of 0.219 million cubic meters per day, for exhaust gas treatment of 1.162 million cubic meters per hour, and for solid waste treatment of 6329 tonnes per day. 3 Status of Ambient Air 3.1 Ambient Air Quality The pollution of ambient air in Shanghai tends to a composite characterization caused by coal burning smoke and petrol combustion. Of the air pollutants, nitrogen oxides, total suspended particulate (TSP), sulphur dioxide and dustfall have been identified as major ones. Among the concentrations of air pollutants in Shanghai in 1997 compared with those in 1996, nitrogen oxides were 0.005 mg/m3 higher in a city-wide average while that in urban and rural areas were 0.016 mg/m3 and 0.004 mg/m3 higher respectively; TSP was 0.016 mg/m3 lower while that in urban and rural areas was 0.008 mg/m3 and 0.036 mg/m3 lower respectively; and sulphur dioxide kept at the same level in an average while that in urban and rural areas was 0.009 mg/m3 increased and 0.002 mg/m3 reduced respectively. The concentrations of nitrogen oxides, TSP and sulphur dioxide monitored in the ambient air in Shanghai in 1997 are shown as follows:
In 1997, the average pH value in precipitation in Shanghai was 5.71, 0.33 higher than that in 1996. The occurrence of acid rain was 11.0%, 4.2 per cent lower than that in 1996. In 1997, the average dustfall in urban area was 13.29 t/km2/mon, 0.53 t/km2/mon lower than that in 1996. Graphing
3.2 Waste Gas Emission The coal consumption in Shanghai in 1997 reached 39.011 million tonnes, 2.2% more than that in 1996. The total waste gas emission amounted to 524.89 billion normal cubic meters, 2.3% more than that in 1996. Industrial sources emitted 514.24 billion normal cubic meters of waste gas, 4.9% more than that in 1996.
Of industrial waste gases, 57.4% were from fuel burning and 42.6% from industrial processes. 89.2% of fuel burning exhaust gas have been undergone smoke-and-dust removal and 89.3% of process waste gases have been purified. 3.3 Weekly Announcement on Air Quality Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center began to release a ?Weekly Announcement on Air Quality? on local major newspapers, and via TV and radio since the 5th June 1997, the World Environment Day. In the ?Weekly Announcement on Air Quality?, three air pollution indices (API) are announced: sulphur dioxide, TSP and nitrogen oxides. 30 issues have been released till the end of 1997. 3.4 Major Measures for Air Pollution Control In 1997, other 2 projects for replacement of ozone depleting substances (ODS) have been approved by the Montreal Multilateral Foundation. There have been grants of amount up to 20 million US dollars available to fund 20 projects for replacement of ODS in Shanghai. Annually, 8,620 tonnes of ozone depletion potential ODP were got rid of. 4 Status of Water Quality 4.1 Aquatic Environmental Quality The surface water pollution in Shanghai is of an organic type. It is characterized by the determinants of chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate value, unionized ammonia, petroleum and total phosphorus. 4.1.1 Main Stream of the Huangpu River The surface water monitoring in 1997 shows that there were 3 and 8 determinants exceeding water quality standards for category II functional zoning at Dianfeng and Songpu Bridge respectively; 6 ones exceeding that for category III functional zoning at Linjiang; 4 ones exceeding that for category IV functional zoning at Yangpu Bridge; while the water quality at Wusong Kou was in compliance with the standard for category IV functional zoning. Compared with the observations of 1996, water quality in 1997 at Dianfeng was maintained stable, at Songpu Bridge and Linjiang was somewhat declined, and at Yangpu Bridge and Wusong Kou became slightly better. 4.1.2 Upper Reaches of the Huangpu River The monitoring data in 1997 show that there were 5, 3, 6 and 7 determinants exceeded the water quality standards of category II functional zoning at Dianshan Lake, Taipu River, Yuanxie Jing and Damao Gang respectively. Compared with the observations in 1996, water quality of Dianshan Lake was somewhat worse in 1997, whereas that of other watercourses in the Upper-Huangpu River has been improved. 4.1.3 Tributaries of the Huangpu River The monitoring data in 1997 show that some organic determinants in the urban tributaries of the Huangpu River exceeded the category V limits of the water quality standard. Compared with the observation in Suzhou Creek in 1996, water quality at Baihe and Huangdu was basically maintained; that at Huacao, Wuning Road Bridge and Zhejiang Road Bridge was somewhat improved; whereas the water quality at Beixinjing still tended to be worse. As regards the tributaries of the Huangpu River in the rural areas, water quality there was worse than the standard of category V except a few sections such as at Dianpu Creek etc. where the water quality could be in compliance with the standard of category VI. 4.1.4 Estuary of Yangtse River The monitoring data in 1997 reveal that in the estuary of Yangtse River between Xuliujing and the river mouth, most determinants of water quality could be in compliance with category II functional zoning except for 3 determinants exceeding relevant limits of category II standard. 4.2 Discharge of Wastewater Industrial wastewater discharge amounted to 999 million cubic meters city-wide in 1997, 12.4% dropped than that in 1996. 1.358 billion cubic meters of industrial wastewaters were undergone treatment accounting for 93.8%, 0.1 per cent higher than that in 1996. In urban area, the treated industrial wastewater accounted for 95.6%, 1.1 per cent higher than that in 1996. The volume of industrial wastewater discharge per ten thousand yuan output value city-wide was 40.6 cubic meters, 2.6 cubic meters reduced than that in 1996; while that in urban area was 35.7 cubic meters, 3.2 cubic meters dropped than that in 1996. Domestic sewage discharge in Shanghai reached 1.11 billion cubic meters in 1997 with a treatment rate of 39.9%, 0.2 per cent higher than that in 1996.
4.3 Major Measures for Water Pollution Control The control of industrial and agricultural pollution has been strengthened in the area along the upper reaches of the Huangpu River, and water conservancy works and the rehabilitation of middle and small scaled watercourses have also been promoted. The comprehensive rehabilitation campaign of the water environment of Suzhou Creek has given impetus to the integrated pollution control of Chuanyang Canal in Pudong New Area, Hongkou Gang in Hongkou District, Zhenru Gang in Putuo District and Dazhi Canal in Nanhui County. Along with the implementation of pollution emission license system, regulating effluent discharging outlets, close-down of heavily polluted ¡°fifteen-small¡± enterprises, and strengthening of supervision and enforcement of laws and regulations for environmental protection, the pollution load discharge has been under control to some extent. Major watercourses to be rehabilitated during the 9th Five-Year Plan
5 Prevention and Control of Noise 5.1 Regional Ambient Noise The monitoring data in 1997 show that the average equivalent sound level of regional ambient noise during daytime was 57.1dB(A), 1.7dB(A) lower than that in 1996; while at midnight was 49.1dB(A), 0.2dB(A) higher than that in 1996. 5.2 Traffic Noise The traffic volume during daytime and at night on the arterial roads in Shanghai in 1997 were respectively 1,412 and 584 vehicles per hour, 97 and 44 vehicles per hour fewer than that in 1996. The field monitoring data show that the average equivalent sound levels of traffic noise on the streets in Shanghai in 1997 were 72.2 dB(A) during daytime and 65.4 dB at night, 0.4 dB(A) and 1.3 dB(A) lower than that in 1996 respectively. 5.3 Major Measures for Control of Noise The department of environmental protection and the traffic police jointly enforce the laws of environmental protection to strengthen the ban against using motor horn within Inner Ring Road. 6 sections of roads with a total length of 10.32 km have been in compliance with the requirement of no horning. In 13 neighborhoods with a total area of 30.99 km2, the ambient noise has begun to be under control. It was strictly provided that a special license has to be applied for in advance for construction activities at night. Construction sites was inspected at night in summer time.
6 Prevention and Control of Solid Waste 6.1 Industrial Solid Waste In 1997, 13.476 million tonnes of industrial solid waste have been generated, 3.2% more than that in 1996. Of the wastes, 12.252 million tonnes, 8.6% more than that in 1996, have been re-utilized comprehensively. The reutilization rate was 90.9%, 4.5 per cent higher than that in 1996, while that in the urban area reached 92.2%. The discharge of industrial solid waste in 1997 amounted to 32,000 tonnes, 17.0% more than that in 1996. 6.2 Household Refuse In 1997, 4.538 million tonnes of household refuse in Shanghai were collected and transported, 8.5% more than that in 1996. The sanitary disposal rate of domestic refuse was 77.8%. 6.3 Supervision over Hazardous Waste ?Shanghai Guidelines for Management on Transfer Manifest of Hazardous Wastes? and ?Shanghai Administrative Guidelines for License of Handling Hazardous Waste? were promulgated and began to put into effect by Shanghai Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau in 1997. The management covers the whole procedure in respect to generation, storage, transportation, utilization, processing and disposal of hazardous waste. Planning and site selection for secure landfill of hazardous waste have been carried out. 7 Legislation for Environmental Protection and Enforcement of Environmental Protection Statutes 7.1 Legislation for Environmental Protection The Articles 53, 58 and 61 of ?Shanghai Environmental Protection Regulations? were revised in 1997. Having been rectified by the Standing Committee of the Municipal People¡¯s Congress, they were put into effect on 1 July 1997. ?Shanghai Administrative Guidelines for Marine Ecological Natural Preservation Area of Jinshan Three Islands?, ?On Enforcement of ?Shanghai Guidelines for Levy on Pollution of Fuel-Burning Automobile?? and ?Shanghai Standard of Integrated Wastewater Discharge? were promulgated in Shanghai in 1997. More than 100 local regulations, administrative rules and standardizing documents issued over the years in Shanghai have been reviewed in 1997. 7.2 Enforcement of Environmental Protection Statutes In 1997, special inspections were conducted by departments of environmental protection at all levels on the water pollution prevention and control of Suzhou Creek and tributaries of the Huangpu River, as well as operation of pollution control facilities in enterprises. To ensure the success of the 8th National Games to be held in Shanghai, a supervision of pollution sources located around the competition arena has been strengthened. 138 cases of administrative punishment have been tried in 1997 by environmental protection bureaux at municipal or district/county level to some entities or individuals that had done breach of relevant laws or regulations of environmental protection. There were 28 cases owing to failing to conduct environmental impact assessment or ignoring the formalities of ¡°three simultaneity¡±, 14 cases to not applying for license to do night work at construction sites, 62 cases owing to directly polluting water body or being in serious excess of standard limits, 12 cases to over-emission of exhaust gas, 14 cases to letting pollution control facilities lie idle, 3 cases owing to dumping solid waste without authorization, 2 cases to noise pollution, and 3 cases to other reasons. 7.3 Comments and Motions Proposed by People¡¯¡¯s Congress and People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference There were 9 suggestions of deputies of Municipal People¡¯s Congress concerning the environment and 29 motions of members of the People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference in 1996. Environmental protection bureaux and departments concerned have carefully handled those comments and motions, and responded in time. The deputies and members were all satisfied with the results. Shanghai Environmental Supervision Agency was formally established on 10 July 1997 and at the same time, the original Shanghai Supervision Agency for Pollution Charging Fee Collection was disbanded. Environment Supervision Agency is mainly in charge of:
By the end of 1997, 17 environmental supervision agencies at district/county level were established taking the responsibility of the above-mentioned tasks within the area under their respective jurisdiction. 8.1.2 Collecting of Pollutant Discharge Fees The levies on pollution discharge in 1997 amounted to 140 million yuan including exceeding standard limit fees and ¡°four small lump fees¡± (i.e., the following four cases such as: if the pollutant discharge of a unit has not been up to the standard limit after the discharge fees being levied, the fee rate shall be 5% surcharged by every year from the third year on; a new, expanded or reconstructed project which has exceeded the pollutant discharge standard limit as well as has not processed or has dismantled without authorization the pollution treatment facilities is to be imposed doubly; a unit which has not paid fees over the time limit is to be surcharged by overdue fine; a unit which has discharged by accident is to be fined). Pollutant emission of fuel-burning vehicles began to be levied since 1997. 8.1.3 Handling of Polluting Accidents There were 27 polluting accident cases handled in Shanghai in 1997 with an indemnity and fine of 824,000 yuan. There were 121 cases of pollution caused by shipping and breaking rules/regulations in 1997 with a fine of 157,000 yuan, in which 90,000 yuan of the fine were from 7 cases of foreign cargoes. 8.2 Environmental Monitoring Environmental quality monitoring activities proceeded in 1997 on air, water quality, noise, biota and radioactivity, and in total 996,000 data reflecting environmental quality have been collected. In those collected data, 876,000 ones were auto-monitored, 65,000 ones were routine water quality data, 37,000 ones were routine air quality data, and 18,000 ones were monitoring data of noise, biota and radioactivity. Hydrological and water quality synchronous monitoring in the main streams of Suzhou Creek and the Huangpu River were conducted in 1997. A follow-up survey of water quality was conducted for 48 hours around the Zhuyuan sewage outfall in the estuary of Yangtse River. 8.2.2 Pollution Source Monitoring 116,000 data have been obtained in 1997 from the supervision monitoring of pollution sources, of which 101,000 data were of wastewaters and 15,000 ones of industrial furnaces/kilns. The reported major pollution dischargers were checked in 1997 including 1072 ones of heavily polluted enterprises. 9 Public Participation In 1997, the environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels have received 9,468 letters/telephone calls and 675 visits from public complaining environmental pollution problems that is characterized as:
9.2 Environmental Publicity and Education 9.2.1 The 5th June, the World Environment Day The theme of the World Environment Day in 1997 was ¡°for the life on the earth¡±. A large-scale exhibition of environmental protection was held on Chen Yi Square at the Bund and consultation service was provided there too. 46 publicity activities of environmental protection were organized in districts and counties. To strengthen the organization of the China¡¯s Century Mission for Environmental Protection in Shanghai, Messrs. Sun Guizhang and Xia Keqiang, vice director of the Municipal People¡¯s Congress and vice mayor respectively, were appointed as chairmen of its organizing committee. On the World Environment Day, as parts of the China¡¯s Century Mission for Environmental Protection, under a theme of ¡°protecting environment and greening Shanghai¡±, the interviews and new reports were focused on:
9.2.2 Shanghai Festival of Science and Technology The 4th Shanghai Festival of Science and Technology was organized in 1997 under a subject of ¡°taking sustainable development as our route¡±. During the Festival, a ¡°China-Japan Symposium on Technology of Environmental Protection¡± and a ¡°Workshop on ¡®Green¡¯ Traffic¡± were held. In addition, exhibitions showing the ¡°trans-century green plan¡±, ¡°green technology¡± and ¡°green products¡± to the people were also organized. Millions of Shanghai citizens participated in the activities of the Festival. 9.2.3 Shanghai Environment Online Shanghai Environment Online (http://www.envir.online.sh.cn), the first one of environmental protection with its own file on the home-page of Shanghai Online in China, was inaugurated on 5 June 1997. The Shanghai Environment Online provides such messages as headlines about environmental protection, ?Shanghai Environmental News?, ?Shanghai Environmental Bulletin?, ?Weekly Announcement on Ambient Air Quality?, cleaner production, industrial sector of environmental protection, environmental laws and regulations, environmental standards, etc. Within a few months since 5 June 1997, nearly twenty thousand person-times, including those from 14 foreign countries and regions such as USA, Japan, Germany, Australia and so on, have contacted the Shanghai Environment Online. 9.2.4 Environmental Education in Primary and Middle Schools Teaching material for environmental education as a special subject at the three levels of senior middle school, junior middle school and primary school was compiled and put into all-round use in Shanghai in 1997. Sponsored by Shanghai Johnson Foundation of Environmental Education for Teenagers, Municipal Education Commission, China Children Welfare Association, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Association for Science and Technology jointly held the Shanghai Teenager Scientific Forum on ¡°Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development¡±, in which 64 middle school pupils from 17 districts/counties participated. More schools in Shanghai have featured environmental education in 1997. Schools Featuring Environmental Education named in 1997
10.1 Scientific and Technological Achievements ?Shanghai Green Plan of Science and Technology for Environmental Protection? was worked out in 1997 advancing a guiding policy for scientific and technological research in the field of environmental protection in Shanghai. The policy is to stress scientific research and development in environmental protection, and to actively promote the turning of scientific and technological achievements into productive forces. The emphases are:
There are 37 research projects accomplished in 1997 including ?Shanghai Strategies for Reducing Dangerous Vehicle Emissions?, ?Technical and Economic Evaluation and Managerial Measures for Unleaded Fueled Automobiles?, etc., which have provided basis for controlling the pollution caused by auto exhaust gas and using unleaded automobile petrol in Shanghai. In 1997, 4 awards for scientific and technological achievements were won by the environmental research projects, in which ?Research on Technology for Toxicity Test in Microecosystem in Environmental Protection? and ?Optimal Designing of Environmental Monitoring System in Shanghai? have won the 2nd grade and the 3rd grades of Shanghai Municipal Award for Progress in Science and Technology respectively, and ?Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants? and ?Study on Surcharges of Over Limit Discharge of Wastewater? have respectively won the 2nd and 3rd grades of the Award for Progress in Science and Technology issued by National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA). 10.2 Industrial Sector of Environmental Protection ?About Implementation of ?Tentative Management Provision for Identification of Products for Environmental Protection?? was drawn up in 1997. In 1997, 9 items were rated as the National Best Practical Technique for environmental protection, 4 enterprises and 6 products were identified as the National Environment Mark Product, 16 units were qualified by special certificates to do engineering design for environmental pollution control. Some new products for environmental pollution control were developed in 1997 such as device for recovering CFCs, new treatment installation for restaurant effluent, supersonic sewage flowmeter, and etc. 10.3 Cleaner Production and ISO 14000 Certification Shanghai Cleaner Production Center was established in 1997 to carry out the publicity and training of cleaner production. Demonstrative projects of cleaner production in Titanium Dioxide Factory of Shanghai Coking Complex and other 2 enterprises have been appraised and implemented. Shanghai Consulting Center for Certificate of Environmental Management System was set up in 1997 to promote the implementation of ISO 14000 certification. The UNEP sponsored a program of ISO 14000 for training trainers. In 1997, Shanghai Volkswagen Motor Co. Ltd., Shanghai Baoshan Steel (Group) Co. and Shanghai NMB Precision Machinery Co. Ltd. have passed ISO14001 certification. 11. International Cooperation 343 persons of 97 groups from various countries and regions paid visits to Shanghai including honourable guests such as Minister of Environment Ministry of France, Chairman of Finnish Communist Party, Delegation of Indian Communist Party, Vice Chairman (International) of Indian Liberty Party, Vice Mayor of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and et al. The 32nd World Session of International Chamber of Commerce was held in Shanghai. Premier Li Peng, Vice-Premier Li Lanqing, Ms Wu Yi, Minister of Ministry of Foreign Economic Relation and Trade, Mr. Xu Kuangdi, Mayor of Shanghai and Mr. Zhao Qizheng, Vice-Mayor of Shanghai attended the conference and gave important speeches. Issues such as the introduction of environmental management system and international standards of ISO 14000 series, trans-border transfer of hazardous wastes, opportunities and challenges of industrial and commercial development derived from the international conventions on global climate change were discussed in details at the meeting. Experiences have been shared with the sister cities of Shanghai such as Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Yokohama and Hamburg in the fields of
and exchanges with Milano of Italy, Queensland of Australia and Peiraievs of Greece in the fields of
11.2 World Bank China - Shanghai Environment Project (SEP) In 1997, the component of water intake relocation to the Upper Huangpu River (Phase II) of the SEP has been commissioned to convey water of 2.5 million cubic meters per day; the trunk conveyor of the Northern Sewer for Wujing-Minhang wastewater has been laid; 60% of construction work in the expansion project of Songjiang Sewage Treatment Plant have been finished; the civil engineering work of a water quality laboratory at Songpu Bridge has been completed and the instruments and equipment are under installation . 11.3 Support Programme of Urban Rehabilitation for Shanghai (SPURS) The tasks of the Stage II of SPURS funded by DFID (Department for International Development) of British Government have been fulfilled in 1997. A framework of Environmental Management System of Shanghai in the future has been proposed, a program for strengthening environmental monitoring in Shanghai has been worked out, and 3 demonstrative projects of cleaner production have started implementing in three factories. In 1997, foreign specialists have given 11 seminars and training courses on cleaner production, environmental economics, social investigation, environmental management, and etc. with attendance up to 244. 6 workshops were held with 375 people attending on subjects of technology for treatment and disposal of solid wastes, purifying of auto exhaust emissions, technology for CFC cleaning sector, technology for eliminating ODS, disposal of radioactive wastes, and etc. 12 Environmental Protection Organizations In 1997, there were 83 administrative organizations for environmental protection in Shanghai including 21 environmental protection bureaux and 22 environmental supervision agencies at municipal and district/county levels, and other 22 ones. Staff at municipal, and district/county levels were totaled to 2,011, of whom 1,093 ones are professionals accounting for 54.4% of total. In addition, many staff in industrial sectors, universities and colleges, researches institutions and others was also engaged in environmental protection.
1 Major data sources:
2 According to a definition of the NEPA, the pollution load control of major pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, smoke-and-dust, and COD covers all sources including enterprises above district/county level, township/village enterprises, as well as all household sources, whereas the control of other pollutants only covers that emitted by industrial enterprises including above district/county level and township/village enterprises. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
