1 General Description

1.1 National Economic and Social Development

The year of 1999 was a joyful one for celebrating the 50th anniversary of foundation of the People¡¯s Republic of China and the liberation of Shanghai. It was under the leadership of Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Municipal Government that new progresses in the national economic and social development in Shanghai were achieved in 1999. Shanghai people put a series of guiding principles, policies and plans drawn up by the Party Central Committee and the State Council into effect adhering to deepening the institutional reform, advancing the structural adjustment, enhancing economic efficiency, and improving city¡¯s environment continuously.

Consecutively Rapid and Sound Growth of Economy

In 1999, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Shanghai was 403.5 billion yuan RMB, 10.2% higher than that in 1998 based on a comparable price. The output value of primary industry was 8.0 billion yuan, 2.2% higher than that in 1998, while that of secondary industry was 195.4 billion yuan, 9.0% higher than that in 1998 (the gross output value of industry was 630.7 billion yuan, 11.1% higher than that in 1998), in which the output value of industry was 175.9 billion yuan, 9.6% higher than that in 1998. The output value of tertiary industry was 200.1 billion yuan, 13.0% higher than that in 1998. The output values of primary, secondary and tertiary industries made up 2.0%, 48.4% and 49.6% of the GDP respectively.

New Changes in City¡¯s Appearance

The total investment of 49.16 billion yuan was fulfilled in 1999 for construction of urban infrastructure. A lot of major construction projects were fully completed such as ¡°1520¡± Project to form a basic framework of information port, Pudong International Airport (phase I), middle section of Yan¡¯an Elevated Road, International Conference Centre, Shanghai Sewerage Project (stage II) (SSPII), and Natural Gas Project in East China Sea. Pudong Central Park and Century Avenue were also completed basically. In addition, constructions of some trans-year¡¯s projects proceeded smoothly such as the track transit Pearl Line, House of Pudong Information Pivot, Shanghai Science and Technology City. New progresses of rebuilding and reconstruction in old areas have been attained. New significant changes in the city¡¯s appearance are taking place.

Negative Population Growth Maintained

By the end of 1999, the registered population in Shanghai was 13.11 million, while the permanent resident population reached 14.74 million. A birth rate of the permanent resident population was 5.4¡ë and a death rate of 6.5¡ë, so that the natural growth rate was -1.1¡ë.

Housing Conditions Improved

The investment of 36.717 billion yuan for dwelling house construction in the city was fulfilled in 1999, and the total floor area of 14.156 million m2 was completed. Dwelling area per capita in urban districts reached 10.2 m2. About 503,300 m2 of shacks and simple houses in the old areas of the city were demolished.

Achievements of Environmental Reconstruction in Shanghai in 1999
¡°1520¡± Project ¨C basic framework of information port completed
Pudong International Airport completed and opened
International Conference Centre completed
Minhang District awarded the first one of ¡°National Environment Model Districts¡±, Huangpu and Jing¡¯an Districts awarded the first set of ¡°National Neat Districts¡± in Shanghai
Natural Gas of East China Sea began to supply for Shanghai, Popular use of town gas in city proper achieved serving 5.0145 million households
14.156 million m2 of dwelling houses completed; per capita dwelling area in city proper up to 10.2 m2
Green coverage rate 20.3% with a per capita public green space of 3.5 m2, Pudong New Area became the first of ¡°National Garden District¡±
2.71 million m3/d of sewage diverted; disposal rate of urban sewage reaching 50.4%
Shanghai Sewerage Project (stage II) and Wujing-Minhang Northern Sewer completed and commissioned
Middle section of Yan¡¯an Elevated Road completed and opened

1.2 Implementing Spirit of Central Forum on Population, Resources and Environment

Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Municipal Government held a meeting on population, resources and environment of Shanghai on the 8th April 1999. Mr. Huang Ju, the Secretary of Municipal Party Committee, stressed that Party committees and governments at all levels and departments concerned should heighten their working sense of responsibility and urgency, sturdily make unremitting efforts to raise the work on population, resources and environment to a higher level. Shanghai Municipal Government held a working meeting on strengthening environmental protection and reconstruction on the 17th September 1999. ?Resolution on Issues of Strengthening Environmental Protection and Reconstruction in Shanghai? was released on the meeting. The Resolution has put forward goals, principles of implementation, main actions and some policies and measures concerned in the fields of water pollution control, air pollution control, disposal of solid waste, afforestation and comprehensive rehabilitation of some key industrial areas in the three year period of 2000~2002. It is expected that through five of three-year plans Shanghai will become an eco-city.

1.3 Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Urban Environment

Adhering to the sustainable development strategy, Shanghai has taken the improvement of environmental quality as a core. Aiming at a blue sky, clean water, green land and comfortable housing, the enforcement of environmental protection in Shanghai made a new progress in 1999: comprehensive rehabilitation of medium-and-small sized waterways, among which Suzhou Creek has been identified as a top priority, balanced use of energy sources, control of motor vehicle exhaust, set-up of ambient noise compliance districts, control of solid waste, protection of ecosystem and implementation of trans-century green plan.

¡°One Control and Dual Compliance¡±

Tasks of ¡°total pollution load control and dual compliance with both emission standards and environmental quality standards¡± (so-called ¡°one control and dual compliance¡± in short) in Shanghai were in a crucial moment in 1999. Three years¡¯ efforts for carrying out total load control plan have made the loading of major pollutants effectively reduced. By the end of 1999, the goals of total load control were basically achieved.
Shanghai Municipal Government and governments of all districts and counties approved and assigned their respective implementation plans of ¡°dual compliance¡± within their jurisdiction areas. According to ?Shanghai Compliance Workplan for Polluting Emission and Functional Zones?, 3,702 industrial enterprises were required to get the emission compliance by the 30th September 2000. All of control projects for 33 key industrial polluters, among which 26 ones were taken as vital efforts at municipal level, and 31 major industrial polluters were accomplished in 1999. By the end of that year, 3,006 industrial enterprises met the emission standards with a compliance rate of 81.2%. Among them, 152 key industrial enterprises had a compliance rate of 80.4%, and 387 main ones 84.0%, whereas 2,467 others 80.8%.
The indices of SO2 and TSP at check spots in the ambient air functional zones met the standards. The compliance rate of NOX was 67%. The compliance exercise for the water environmental function zones has also been strengthened.

Trans-Century Green Plan

3 projects listed in the national programme of trans-century green plan, i.e., Shanghai Sewerage Project Stage II, Wujing-Minhang Northern Sewer Project, and etc., were completed in 1999. By the end of that year, 13 projects were accomplished, 11 ones were on going and other 3 ones were in the stage of preparation. All completed projects got fairly good environmental benefits: 2.45 million m3 of wastewater, 2,662 t of COD, 2,198 t of SO2, 1,043 t of smoke-and-dust could be reduced every year.

Environmental Reconstruction

The use of town gas in the city proper of Shanghai was popularised in 1999. The replacement of natural gas for near 150,000 consumers in Pudong New Area was completed. The natural gas from East China Sea has been conveyed across the Huangpu River to provide the consumers in a part of Puxi area. 2 districts have become such areas in which use of fuel coal was almost eliminated. 4 air pollutant loading compliance districts, 50 air pollutant compliance neighbourhoods and 62 noise compliance neighbourhoods were newly constructed. The ambient noise level compliance areas covered up to 56.0% of the city¡¯s area. The smoke-and-dust control districts maintained to cover 100% area. Diverted and treated urban wastewater amounted to 2.71 million m3/d. The urban sewage disposal rate reached 50.4%. 195 polluting enterprises in the city proper were shut down, stopped, merged, switched to other production or relocated in 1999.

Ecological Conservation

512 ha more of new public green spaces in the city proper were opened in 1999, in which there were 34 pieces with an area over 3,000 m2 each. 4 parks were newly built. More than 30 thousands big trees were transplanted in the city proper. 126 ha of green belt with a width of 100 m surrounding the city proper along with the Outer Ring Road were completed. The public green space per capita in the city proper rose up to 3.5 m2 from 2.75 m2 in 1998. The green space covered 20.3% of the city proper rising from 18.8% in 1998.

The development plan of demonstrative eco-district for Chongming County was worked out. Cangqiao Town in Songjiang District has been identified as a demonstrative eco-town at the city level. The research report on the natural conservation area of Jiuduan Shoal and the juvenile Acipenser sinesis was appraised by the Municipal Examining and Appraising Committee of Natural Conservation Areas. An administrative management organisation and funds have been available for Dongtan Nature Preservation Zone for Birds (Fowls) in Chongming, and its construction is under way. The protection for the marine environment has been further strengthened and a survey of pollution baseline in the sea started. The control and rehabilitation of 110 livestock farms and 2 production bases of organic composite fertiliser were basically completed. The prohibited zones for straw-burning have been delimited in the countryside. The comprehensive use of crop straw is promoted actively.

Comprehensive Environmental Rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek and Other Medium-and-Small Sized Waterways

The project (phase I) with a total investment of 8.65 billion yuan for comprehensive environmental rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek started its implementation in 1999. A pilot test of flow regulating was successfully carried out for two times last year. Survey for pollution sources in 6 tributary catchments of the Creek proceeded in an all-round way. The full survey of pollution sources of enterprises, institutions, households, livestock farms, and outlets of sewage pumping stations in an area of 230 km2 was conducted. All of the findings established a base for the further rehabilitation action of Suzhou Creek. Shidong Kou Sewage Treatment Plant (phase I) with a treatment capacity of 0.4 million m3/d started its construction. Foundation work of the project of constructing a sluice gate at Mudu Gang with an investment of 63.35 million yuan had finished, and the structural engineering started.

Meanwhile, comprehensive environmental rehabilitation of the medium-and-small sized waterways in the city started. A fund of 946 million yuan was used for the rehabilitation of waterways in 1999. 8,812 segments of waterways with a total lengths of 7,335 km were rehabilitated, 315,000 t of garbage and aquatic plants were cleared off, 28.86 million m3 of sediment were dredged, 244 km of the embankments were reconstructed, 287,000 m2 of illegal buildings were dismantled, 1.36 million m2 of green land were completed.

Initiating National Model District of Environmental Protection

The actions for initiating national model district of environmental protection in Shanghai were substantially mobilised in 1999. The three year efforts upon the bases of fulfilling the ¡°dual compliance¡± made all of the indices in Minhang District achieve their criteria for a model district. The examination was passed by Shanghai Municipal Government and approved by State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA). Thus, Minhang District became the first one of Model Districts of Environmental Protection. The actions for initiating Pudong New Area as a model district have been also developed in an all-round ways.

Rehabilitation in Key Areas

A leading group formed in 1999 responsible for the comprehensive environmental rehabilitation of Wusong Industrial Area is headed by Mr. Chen Liangyu, Executive Vice Mayor of the Municipality, and assisted by Messrs. Jiang Yiren and Han Zheng, Vice Mayors of the Municipality, and Mr. Xie Qihua, General Manager of Baoshan Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd. An environmental comprehensive rehabilitation plan for the Area was drawn up and the staged goals were defined. 9 key enterprises in the Area accomplished the works for pollution control in compliance with the relevant standards.

A follow-up plan of environmental comprehensive rehabilitation for Taopu Industrial Area in the next 3 years was worked out. Further supervision and management of polluters in the Area have been strengthened. The refilling of boundary rivers, separation of ¡°clean¡± and ¡°dirty¡± effluents in 5 factories and treating wastewaters in 3 enterprises were accomplished. By using rational process, Taopu Wastewater Treatment Plant is in normal operation basically.

Investment for Environmental Protection

The expense for environmental protection in Shanghai in 1999 was 11.16 billion yuan accounting for 2.77% of GDP in the same period. This investment was mainly used for control of old polluting sources, ¡°three-simultaneity¡± in new projects, urban infrastructure, regional comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, and capacity building of the departments responsible for environmental protection. Among the expense, that for the control of old polluting sources amounted to 587 million yuan in 568 projects. In 1999, 364 pollution control projects were completed so as to increase additional capacities for industrial wastewater treatment of 337,000 m3/d, for exhaust gas treatment of 5.748 million m3/hr, and for industrial solid waste treatment of 770 t/yr.

1.4 Standardised Services

The action of standardised services was developed in the environmental protection system of Shanghai in 1999. The subject of the action was to exercise authority according to the laws and enforce the law in civility. By means of opening government affairs, deepening training, appraising working attitude, practising on-the-job, and setting up exemplary ¡°window¡±, measures convenient and beneficial to the people were exercised. Attitudes in enforcement of the laws, in handling affairs, in performing official duties and bearing manner have been under supervision. All of the staff for environmental protection have been inspired, and united and cooperated to put the standardised services action into all of the work, in the result, primary effects have been made.

2 Environmental Planning and Assessment

2.1 The 21st Century¡¯s Agenda of China ¡ª an Action Plan of Shanghai

¡°The 21st Century¡¯s Agenda of China ¡ª an Action Plan of Shanghai¡± was worked out in 1999 and put into implementation in an all-round way. Prosperous and efficient economy, ordered and fair society, and beautiful and harmonious ecology are goals for the sustainable development in Shanghai. The sustainable development strategy in Shanghai should take the high-tech as a leading, realise updating industries, race to control a commanding points for the future economic development, develop the green and intensified economy, look for the replaceable resources, protect environment and resources, optimise the allocation of educational resources, accumulate personnel resource, improve the city¡¯s functions and optimise the industrial formation. Xuhui and Songjiang Districts as experimental parks for sustainable development started to implement prioritised development projects with comprehensive environmental rehabilitation.

2.2 Planning for Comprehensive Environmental Rehabilitation in Wusong Industrial Area

¡°Planning for Comprehensive Environmental Rehabilitation in Wusong Industrial Area of Shanghai¡± was worked out in 1999. The general target of the planning were as follows: by the year 2005, by means of comprehensive rehabilitation, a rational industrial structure, advanced technologies, growing economic values, and perfect municipal infrastructure in the area should be realised, and the environmental quality should reach an average level of all the industrial areas in Shanghai in that year. The main measures for comprehensive rehabilitation should include carrying out the technological transformation and pollution control in enterprises, shutting down, stopping, merging or switching to other production for some enterprises with lower efficiency and heavy pollution, improving the municipal infrastructure, and enforcing environmental management in the area.

2.3 Planning for Build-Up a Demonstrative Eco-District in Chongming County

¡°Planning for Build-Up a Demonstrative Eco-District in Chongming County of Shanghai¡± was worked out in 1999. By the year 2010, by means of readjustment of industrial structure and overall layout, optimisation of resources disposition, advancement of integrating towns and countryside into an organic whole, Chongming would be built up as a national demonstrative eco-district with beautiful environment, clean air and well-off life of the people. The development of eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, eco-industry and transport, strengthening the protection of wetland resources and the construction of natural preservation areas, and the implementation of a green island reconstruction plan would be stressed in the future.

2.4 Environmental Functional Zoning of Littorals

¡°Shanghai Environmental Functional Zoning of Littorals¡± was worked out and approved by Shanghai Municipal Government in 1999. The littorals are categorised into 6 functional zones, i.e., navigation zone, effluent discharging zone, fishery resources protection zone, marine aquaculture zone, estuary protection zone, and waste dumping zone. The water quality in different functional zones to the east of Hengsha Island should abide by Grades 1 through 4 of the Marine Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997) respectively, whilst that to the west of Hengsha Island should abide by Categories II through IV of the Surface Water Standard (GHZB1-1999) respectively.

2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment and ¡°Three-Simultaneity¡± System

In 1999, 73 environmental impact statements of construction projects were worked out, of which 49 ones were examined and approved at municipal level and 24 ones were at district/county level. 2,697 forms of environmental impact assessment for construction projects were prepared, of which 452 ones were examined and approved at municipal level and the rest 2,245 ones were at district/county level.

586 ¡°three-simultaneity¡± projects were examined and approved in 1999, of which 225 ones were at municipal level, and 361 were at district/county level. The total investment for environmental protection in accepted ¡°three-simultaneity¡± projects amounted to 970 million yuan, of which 780 million yuan were examined and approved at municipal level and other 190 million yuan were at district/county level. The investment allocation for environmental protection accounted for 2.1% of the total for construction projects.

Programme of Prioritised Projects for Sustainable Development in Shanghai
(First set of recommended projects)
Category Name of project
Economy
Industry
Series products of green building materials
Energy saving demonstrative project of electricity generation by blast furnace gas in iron and steel industry
Cleaner production project of treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater
Cleaner technology project of optimising converter branch mill
Cleaner production demonstrative project of chlorine and alkali industry (0.21 million t/yr using ionic membrane process)
Alternative oxidation process for DSD acid
Cleaner production demonstrative project of synthetic fibre pulp
Shanghai green power project
Demonstrative thermoelectric project in Qingpu Industrial Park of Shanghai

Agriculture
Shanghai Huaxing Demonstrative Green Project
Shanghai Jintian High-Tech Agricultural-and-Sightseeing Park
Shanghai Chongming Demonstrative Project for Green Food Park

Society
Health
Set-up of demonstrative neighbourhoods for health care services in community
Set-up of prevention and control system of hematogenous diseases

Population
Research and demonstrative project for sustainable development of population and society in Shanghai

Urban construction
Dwelling
Trans-century development project of demonstrative residential areas in Shanghai
Demonstrative afforestation project for Fengnan Garden experimental residential quarter
Demonstrative project of pure water piping system in urban residential quarters
Demonstrative project of old housing set reforming in Jing¡¯an District
Tourism
Development planning and environmental rehabilitation for Yuyuan Garden historical and cultural custom area of Shanghai

Resources and environment
Environmental protection
Demonstrative project of refuse compacting and transfer station
Demonstrative project and capacity strengthening of security disposal of hazardous waste
Capacity strengthening of environmental protection and sustainable development in Shanghai
Comprehensive Environmental Rehabilitation Project for Hongkou Gang System

Afforestation
Protection and exploitation of bio-diversity in urban green land system in Shanghai

Land
Demonstrative project of land re-arrangement in Fengxian County

Water resources
Demonstrative project of improving water environment in urbanised area in southern part of Suzhou Creek
Demonstrative project of auxiliary decision-making system with auto-survey and forecast for flood prevention in Shanghai

Environmental Functional Zoning in Littorals of Shanghai
Environmental functional zone
Navigation zone
Effluent discharging zone
Fishery resources protection zone
Marine aquaculture zone
Estuary protection zone
Waste dumping zone
Other marine water areas;
Applicable standard of water quality
Water area to the east of Hengsha Island and Hangzhou Bay
(GB3097-1997)
Water area to the west of Hengsha Island
(GHZB1-1999)
Grade 4 ; Category IV
Mixing zone formed by effluent discharge shall not affect the water quality in the adjacent functional zones and migration passage of fish
Fishery resources protection zone in the northern area of Hangzhou Bay
Grade 2
Littoral fishery resources protection zone; Grade 1
Fishery resources protection zone in Yangtze River estuary; Category III
Grade 2
Dongtan Natural Preservation Zone for Birds (Fowls) in Chongming Island; Grade 1
Natural preservation area for juvenile Acipenser sinesis; Grade 1
Marine ecological natural preservation area of Jinshan Three Islands; Grade 2
Drinking water source protection area of Yangtze River, Category II
Aerial defuelling area; Grade 1
Other marine waste dumping areas; Grade 4
Category IV
Applicable to marine water quality standard not inferior to baseline;

3 Status of Ambient Air

3.1 Ambient Air Quality

The pollution of ambient air in Shanghai is caused by petrol combustion as well as coal burning Of the air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOX), total suspended particulate (TSP), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and dustfall are identified as major ones.

Among the concentrations of air pollutants in Shanghai in1999 compared with that in 1998, NOX was 0.001 mg/m3 higher on a city-wide basis while 0.001mg/m3 lower in the urban area and 0.004 mg/m3 higher in the rural area. TSP was 0.014mg/m3 lower on the whole, while 0.047 mg/m3 lower and 0.005 mg/m3 higher in the urban and rural areas respectively. SO2 was 0.005 mg/m3 lower on the whole, while 0.008 mg/m3 and 0.001 mg/m3 lower in the urban and rural areas respectively.

Concentrations of NOX, TSP, and SO2 Observed
in Ambient Air of Shanghai in 1999
Unit:mg/m3

In 1999, the average pH value of precipitation in Shanghai was 5.63. The occurrence of acid rain was 12.1%, 3 per cent less than that in 1998.
The average dustfall in urban area was 10.14 t/mon?km2 in 1999, 1.90 t/mon?km2 lower than that in 1998.

3.2 Waste Gas Emission

The coal consumption in Shanghai reached 39.59 million t in 1999, 5.3% higher than that in 1998. The total volume of waste gas emission amounted to 547.95 billion normal m3, in which that from industrial sources amounted to 543.99 billion normal m3.

The total loads of major pollutants in the waste gas in 1999 were as follows:

? SO2: 403,100 t (in which 310,900 t from industrial sources and 92,200 t from domestic sources)
? Smoke-and-dust: 137,500 t (in which 90,000 t from industrial sources and 45,700 t from domestic sources)
? Industrial dust: 40,600 t

Treatment Status of Industrial Waste Gas in 1998
Fuel combustion exhaust accounting for 60.9% of industrial waste gas
Smoke-and-dust removal from fuel combustion exhaust: 87.1%
Processing exhaust accounting for 39.1% of industrial waste gas
Treatment of processing exhaust: 89.2%

3.3 Daily Announcement and Forecast of Air Quality

Since the 5th June 1999, Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau and Meteorological Bureau have jointly released a forecast of air quality, i.e., at the same time of announcing the air quality for that day, a forecast of air quality for the next day was released. The forecast mainly reported the grade and description of air quality. The forecast covered the city proper area in Puxi, and the indices included SO2, NOX and TSP. The citizens could find out changes in air quality on local newspapers, via TV, radio and internet web sites (such as Shanghai online) in time. 365 issues of daily announcements on air quality and 210 issues of forecast were released till the end of 1999.

3.4 Major Measures for Air Pollution Control

The balanced use of energy sources in Shanghai was adjusted actively in 1999. 576 sets of stoves/furnaces burning coal were upgraded to use cleaner energies. The sulphur content of fuel coal in the power industry has been controlled below 0.8%, while that in other sectors below 1.0%. Prestage preparation of flue gas desulphurisation projects in Shidong Kou Power Plant and others was completed. Desulphurisation devices for 24 sets of medium-sized coal burning boilers were installed. 50 neighbourhoods in compliance with air pollutant emission standard have been set up, and Luwan and Huangpu Districts have become the areas within which none of fuel coal is basically used. A new progress was made in advancing district heating.

Since the 1st July 1999, ?Emission Standard of Shanghai for Exhaust Pollutants by Light Duty Automobile? has been put into practice in Shanghai. On the bases of examining and verifying declaration on the exhaust of newly manufactured automobiles, a catalogue of vehicles allowable to sell and use in Shanghai was issued. According to the new standard, annual check, license renewal and phasing out of gasoline fuelled mopeds have been exercised. As on-the-road check and enforcement of the law had been strengthened, about 6,000 motor vehicles were checked in that year. The emission of black-smoke from over 95% diesel engine equipped buses was in compliance with the exhaust emission standard in 1999. 35 new LPG filling stations have been set up. More than 9,000 taxis were renewed or refitted by dual fuels of LPG and gasoline. The construction of CNG filling stations for buses and the development of CNG bus were launched.

4 Status of Water Quality

4.1 Aquatic Environmental Quality

Pollution of the surface water in Shanghai is characterised of comprehensive organic type. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate value, unionised ammonia, petroleum and total phosphorus are identified as the major variables in the surface water.

4.1.1 Main Stream of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 1999 showed that 3 and 10 variables of water quality at the sections of Dianfeng and Songpu Bridge were inferior to the standard limits of Category II respectively; 4 ones at the section of Linjiang were inferior to that of Category III, 3 ones at the section of Yangpu Bridge were inferior to that of Category IV, while 2 ones at Wusong Kou were inferior to the standard limits of Category IV. Compared with the observations in 1998, water quality in the upper and lower reaches of the Huangpu River seemed somewhat declined, while that in the middle reaches was improved.

4.1.2 Upper Reaches of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 1999 showed that 6, 3, 8 and 9 variables of water quality at Diashan Lake, Taipu River, Yuanxie Jing and Damao Gang were inferior to the standard limits of Category II respectively. Compared with the observations in 1998, the inflow water quality of the upper Huangpu River was somewhat declined.

4.1.3 Tributaries of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data of water quality in 1999 showed that some organic variables in tributaries of the Huangpu River in the city proper of Shanghai were inferior to the standard limits of Category V. Compared with the observations at Suzhou Creek in 1998, the water quality in the upper reaches of the Creek was basically maintained stable, that in the middle and lower reaches was somewhat improved. As regards the tributaries of the Huangpu River in the rural areas, the water quality failed to meet the Category IV requirement, except a few sections at Dazi Canal where the water quality could be in compliance.

4.1.4 Estuary of Yangtze River

The observed water quality in 1999 showed that in the estuary of Yangtze River between Xuliujing and the mouth of the River most variables could be in compliance with the standard of Category II.

4.2 Discharge of Wastewater

In 1999, the discharges of industrial wastewater in the Municipality amounted to 850 million m3, 5.6% less than that in 1998. 1.22 billion m3 of industrial wastewater were undergone treatment with a rate of 95.7%, 0.4 per cent higher than that in 1998, while the treatment rate of industrial effluents in the urban area reached 97.2%, 0.9 per cent higher than that in 1998. The discharges of industrial wastewater per ten thousand yuan output value in the whole city was 31.5 m3, 7.7 m3 lower than that in 1998, while that in urban area was 27.3 m3, 6.1 m3 lower than that in 1998.

In 1999, the discharges of domestic sewage in Shanghai reached 1.176 billion m3 with a disposal rate of 50.4% in urban area.

The total loads of major pollutants in wastewater in 1999 were as follows:
? COD: 349,800 t (in which 89,200 t from industrial sources and 260,600 t from domestic sources);
? petrol: 2,560.50 t;
? cyanides (as ionised CN-): 15.12 t;
? hexavalent Chromium compounds (as Cr6+): 2.31 t;
? Mercury (Hg): 0.001 t;
? Cadmium (Cd): 0.05 t;
? Arsenic (As): 0.93 t;
? Lead (Pb): 0.73 t.

4.3 Major Measures for Water Pollution Control

In 1999, the medium-and-small sized waterway rehabilitation in Shanghai was focused on Suzhou Creek. According to the general requirements of ¡°clean water surface, tidy river bank and green landscape¡±, the rehabilitation in 4 key river systems of Yangpu Gang, Hongkou Gang Longhua Gang and Zhangjia Bang were under stepwise way. Among those activities, the comprehensive rehabilitation project for Zhangjia Bang (stage I) was completed, Yangpu Gang has changed its black and stink condition throughout the year by means of dredging and regulating water.

The protection for drinking water sources has been strengthened continuously. Based on the investigation of changes in water quality and pollution status of water sources in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River and other areas, departments responsible for environmental protection have put forward countermeasures for safeguard of the drinking water sources. Markers for the polluters in the first-grade water source protection area of the Upper Huangpu River were set up. The issuance of permits for pollution discharge in the expanded water source protection zone was completed. The construction of Liantang Sewage Treatment Plant in Qingpu County started.

A plan for construction of urban sewage treatment plants was worked out and started its implementation. The project of Shidong Kou Sewage Treatment Plant (stage I) began to construct.

5 Prevention and Control of Noise

5.1 Areal Ambient Noise

The monitoring data in 1999 showed that the average equivalent sound level of the areal ambient noise during daytime was 57.2 dB(A), 0.6 dB(A) lower than that in 1998, while at night time was 48.9 dB(A), 0.2 dB(A) lower than that in 1998.

5.2 Traffic Noise

The hourly traffic volume during daytime and at night time on the arterial roads in Shanghai in 1999 was 1,803 and 792 vehicles, 62 vehicles more and 26 vehicles less than that in 1998 respectively. The monitoring data showed that the average equivalent sound levels of traffic noise during daytime and at night time on the roads in Shanghai in 1999 were 70.3 dB(A) and 66.1 dB(A), 0.1 dB(A) higher and 1.0 dB(A) lower than that in 1998 respectively.

5.3 Major Measures for Control of Noise

A ban against horning by motor vehicles in Shanghai was strengthened in 1999. The banned area has been enlarged from within the Inner Ring Road to include some parts of ambient noise compliance areas beyond the ring road. The occurrence of horning by motor vehicles was basically controlled within a range of 5% in the whole year. 7,415 m2 of sound barrier for the viaducts were newly built. In 59 neighbourhoods/townships covering an area of 252.02 km2 in total, the ambient noise was in compliance with the standard. 1,375 projects for control of fixed noise sources were brought off. All those have benefited to 3.95 million citizens. During the period of college entrance exam, the noise generated from construction activities was more strictly controlled.

Grid Distribution of Ambient Noise Levels in 1999

6 Prevention and Control of Solid Waste

6.1 Industrial Solid Waste

In the year 1999, 12.111million t of industrial solid waste were generated in the whole city, 3.3% reduced from that in 1998. 12.873 million t of the waste were reused comprehensively, in which 1.728 million t were deposits in former years. The rate of comprehensive utilisation reached 93.0%, 0.1 per cent higher than that in1998, in which, that in the city proper was up to 93.6%.

6.2 Domestic Refuse

4.9979 million t of domestic refuse in the whole-city of Shanghai were collected and transported in 1999, 6.3% increased from that in 1998. The sanitary disposal rate of domestic refuse reached 84.4%.

6.3 Management of Hazardous Waste

¡°Two systems¡± for management of hazardous waste were fully exercised in 1999. The management traced the whole procedure including generation, storage, transport, utilisation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. A ¡°system of quintuplicate manifests for transferring hazardous wastes¡± was fully exercised in 370 enterprises. 43 enterprises have received ¡°license for handling hazardous wastes¡± issued by the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, to treat and dispose of 33,831 t hazardous wastes in 1999. In addition, the prestage work for preparation of hazardous waste security landfill project started.

7 Set-Up of Statutory System for Environmental Protection

7.1 Legislation for Environmental Protection

Shanghai Municipal Government issued ?Resolution on Issues of Strengthening Environmental Protection and Reconstruction in Shanghai? in 1999, and approved and transmitted ?Resolution on Adjusting Balanced Use of Energy Sources in Shanghai? formulated by Municipal Planning Commission, Economic Commission, Construction Commission and Environmental Protection Bureau. The Resolutions clearly stated that the construction scale for coal-fired power plants in Shanghai should be controlled within 12,000 MW. ?Emission Standard of Shanghai for Exhaust Pollutants by Light Duty Automobile? was also issued and came into effect.

7.2 Enforcement of Statutes for Environmental Protection

An inspection on carrying out ?Air Pollution Prevention Act of the People¡¯s Republic of China? in Shanghai was conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People¡¯s Congress in 1999. A lot of special inspections were also conducted by the Municipal People¡¯s Congress, and the Municipal People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference on that Act, motor vehicle pollution control, and etc.
Environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels issued a total of 619 administrative penalty verdicts to some entities or individuals who had violated the laws and/or regulations of environmental protection.

Administrative Penalty to Incompliance of Requirements for Environmental Protection
in Shanghai in 1999
Type of case Percentage
Failing to follow formality of environmental impact assessment or
¡°three-simultaneity¡± 25.7%
Failing to complete task of pollution control
within a deadline time limit 1.1%
Directly polluting water body or being in serious excess
of standard limits 25.2%
Emitting waste gases in serious excess
of standard limits 11.5%
Leaving pollution control facilities idle or dismantled 11.8%
Dumping solid waste without authorisation 0.5%
Noise disturbance 24.1%
Miscellaneous 0.1%

7.3 Comments and Motions Proposed by People¡¯s Congress and People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference

In 1999, environmental protection departments at municipal and district/county levels received 194 written comments, proposals or motions concerning environmental protection raised by deputies of the Municipal People¡¯s Congress and the members of People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference. The environmental protection bureaux along with departments concerned carefully handled those comments and motions, and given feedback in time. The deputies and members were all satisfied with the responses.

8 Environmental Supervision and Monitoring

8.1 Environmental Supervision

On-the Spot Supervision

In 1999, environmental supervision agencies at municipal and district/county levels set out 39,308 persons-times to conduct 27,665 times on-the-spot supervision over pollution sources, among which 10,192 times were for installations handling waste water, 9,475 times for waste gas (smoke and dust), 892 sets for controlling noise, and 284 sets for handling solid waste, 451 projects for pollution control that must be completed within a deadline time limits, and 1,764 times for construction projects, and 5,850 times for mediation of disputes between enterprises and their neighbours. During the period of preparing entrance exam for college and middle school, the supervision agencies carried out spot checks for 315 construction sites, in which 69 sites were in violation of the relevant laws or regulations.

Supervision of Ambient Radiation

Supervision over ambient radiation advanced steadily in 1999. The performance of 20 radioactivity pollution permit bearers were undergone by supervision and examination. Some key polluters were required to carry out special rehabilitation. The collection and storage of radioactive wastes in nearly 100 units were checked.

Handling of Polluting Accidents

There were 18 major polluting accident cases dealt with in Shanghai in 1999 with indemnity and fines of 2.698 million yuan in total. 153 cases of pollution or breaking the rules or regulations in shipping were investigated and handled in 1999 with total fines of 455,000 yuan, in which 235,000 yuan of the fines were of 10 cases caused by foreign cargoes.

Levying of Pollutant Discharge Fees

The levies on discharge exceeding standard limits amounted to 120 million yuan in 1999.

8.2 Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring of Environmental Quality

Activities for monitoring the environmental quality proceeded in 1999 on air, water quality, noise, biota and radioactivity. A total of 1.038 million data reflecting environmental quality has been collected. Of those data, 876,000 ones were auto-monitored, and 93,000 ones were routine data of water quality, 41,000 ones were of air quality, and the rest 28,000 ones were of noise, biota and radioactivity.

Hydrological and water quality synchronous monitoring in the main streams of the Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek were conducted in 1999. The environmental monitoring agencies in Shanghai actively participated in monitoring of water quality for the National Offshore Network, the Yangtze River Network and the Taihu Lake Network. An on-the-road inspection programme for the motor vehicles was carried out too.

According to a unified disposition of Shanghai Municipal Government and the State Environmental Protection Administration, at the time of nuclear pollution accidents in Japan and South Korea, an emergency monitoring scheme was conducted.

Monitoring of Pollution Sources

241,000 data have been obtained from monitoring of key pollution sources. Among those data, 225,000 ones were of wastewater and 16,000 ones were about industrial furnaces/kilns or exhaust gases. The reporting of emission from 189 major pollution sources was monitored for recheck in 1999.

9 Public Participation

9.1 Written Materials and Interviews from Citizen

The environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels received 12,764 written materials or interviews with a total of 154,107 persons-times in 1999. The most outstanding problems complained in the materials or interviews by citizens were still the noise disturbance and air pollution accounting for 30.4% and 27.4% of the total respectively. The appeals concerning improper planning and siting of construction projects, electromagnetic radiation, disturbance from restaurant trade and entertainment activities and illegal encroachment of green spaces tended to rise.

9.2 Public Awareness

The 5th June, the World Environment Day

The theme of the World Environment Day in 1999 was ¡°Our Earth ¨C Our Future ¨C Just Save It¡±. During the period of the World Environment Day, the environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels launched a series of publicity and educational activities. At Yaxing Square of Changshou Road, a theatrical festival ¡°I love my motherland, I love green homeland¡± was held. Citizen Green Patrols were organised and paid visits to LPG filling stations, wastewater treatment facilities in enterprises, demonstrative cleaner production. A forum on eliminating the ¡°white pollution¡± was held. CCTV set up a live TV broadcasting site at the Bund to produce a programme called ¡°For Our Green Homeland¡± along with other venues in Beijing and Qinghai simultaneously.

China Century Mission for Environmental Protection

Shanghai Organising Committee of ¡°China Century Mission for Environmental Protection¡± launched a publicity activity called ¡°Let Shanghai Have Clean Water, Green Land and Blue Sky¡±. The Committee organised five times concentrated reportage for correspondents. The subjects included the activities of ¡°Air Pollution Prevention Act¡± Enforcement Inspection Group of National People¡¯s Congress in Shanghai, afforestation in Shanghai, environmental sanitation in Shanghai, protection of the Upper Huangpu River, set-up of Minhang District as a National Environment Model District, and etc. 10 pieces of environmental news in 1999 in Shanghai were chosen through public appraisal.

Shanghai Environment Online

Shanghai Environment Web Site (http://www.sepb.gov.cn) has been formally opened to the public. As an official web site, it announces the newest information about environmental protection to the public.

Shanghai Environment Online (http://www.envir.online.sh.cn) has further extended its information capacity and service dimension, added new columns for special topics and web communities. Some new titles, such as testing and judging environmental knowledge, post express, green forum, and etc. have been put forward. Staff of the Online increased in 1999. All of those measures have assured that about 60 pieces of news can be added into the webpages every day. By the end of 1999, over 320,000 persons-times paid visits to ¡°Shanghai Environment Online¡±.

Environmental Education in Primary and Middle Schools

A work of establishing green schools in Shanghai was developed substantially in 1999. 15 green schools at municipal level and 70 ones at district/county level were established. Under the guidance of Municipal Environmental Educational Coordination Committee of Shanghai, a series of activities concerning environmental protection, such as ¡°Green Volunteers¡¯ Action to the New Century¡±, ¡°Johnson Green Life Action¡± and ¡°Shell Beautiful Scenery Action¡± were held vigorously in Shanghai.

Activities for Environmental Protection in Communities

Activities for environmental protection aimed at establishing ¡°Green Community for Environmental Protection¡± were developed in Shanghai in 1999. A lot of experts as residents in the communities give full play to their special skills and knowledge to mastermind a scheme for establishing ¡°Green Community for Environmental Protection¡±. ¡°Green Volunteers¡± played a pioneering role in establishing the green homeland. A variety of actions were developed substantially such as saving energy and water, collecting waste batteries, exchanging personal unused articles, and planting or adopting ¡°cherishing trees¡±, and etc. All of these have made the idea of sustainable development to strike root in the communities and families.

15 Municipal Green Schools of Shanghai in1999
Caoyang No.2 Middle School; Jincai Middle School;
Yan¡¯an Middle School; Loushan Middle School;
Fengzhen Middle School;
Attached Middle School to Fudan University;
Zhoupu Bayi Middle School; Sanlie Middle School;
Shanghai Experimental Primary School ;
Guangxin Road No.2 Primary School; Loutang Central Primary School;
Huaping Primary School;
Rihui Residential Quarter Primary School;
Xingta Central Primary School;
Caoyang Residential Quarter Kindergarten;

10 Science, Technology and Industries of Environmental Protection

10.1 Science and Technology for Environmental Protection

In 1999, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau organised 25 scientific research projects on environmental protection in basic research and hi-tech development such as ?Investigation of NOX Sources and Their Contributions in Ambient Air of Shanghai?, ?Real-Time Monitoring and Analysis System for Wastewater Discharges from Major Polluters in Shanghai?, and ?Study on Evaluation of Pollutant Content in Main Varieties of Vegetables Planted in Greenhouse Facilities in Shanghai? and etc.

24 scientific research projects passed through the appraisal including ?Feasibility Study on Aeration Scheme for Suzhou Creek?, ?Approach to Countermeasures for Coordinated Development of Energy with Environment in Shanghai?, ?Study on Establishing Nature Preservation Zone of Jiuduan Shoal Wetland ?, ?Study on Control Scheme for Livestock Waste Pollution in Shanghai?, and etc. All of these findings have been accepted by Shanghai Municipal Government and agencies concerned, and become important bases for decision-making of comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, formulating environmental policies and management.

Three of research projects concerning environmental protection were awarded. ?Study on Polluting Characteristics of Urban Storm Runoff in Shanghai? won the third-grade of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Progress Award. ?Planning of Comprehensive Control for SO2 Pollution in ¡°Dual-Control Area¡± in Shanghai? and ?Environmental Impact Assessment for Comprehensive Rehabilitation Project of Suzhou Creek? won the third-grade of Shanghai Municipal Government¡¯s Decision-Making and Consulting Award.

10.2 Environmental Protection Industry

In 1999, a total of 12 items was rated as the Available Technology for Environmental Protection, in which 6 ones were listed in the key available technology recommended by State Environmental Protection Administration. 7 enterprises and 24 products were certified as National Environmental Labelled Products including household-use CFC-free refrigeratory appliances, non-phosphorus detergent, degradable plastic packing products and etc. To practise the operation of pollution control facilities as a business, four units in Shanghai passed through the state¡¯s examination and appraisal, and were certified.

10.3 Accreditation of International Standard of Environmental Management System

In 1999, the performance following the international standard of environmental management system in Shanghai had a substantial development. As an experimental city of ISO14000, Shanghai was passed through check by State Environmental Protection Administration. A total of 23 enterprises passed through the accreditation of ISO14001 certification including Shanghai Suoguang Electronics Co., Ltd., Philips & Yamin Luminaire Co., Ltd., Lucent Technologies Shanghai Fibre Optics, and etc. Jinqiao Export Processing Zone initiated to be an example for the national demonstrative area of ISO14000.

11 International Cooperation

11.1 International Exchange

212 persons of 68 groups from various countries and regions paid visits to Shanghai in 1999 including honourable guests such as Administrator of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Minister of Environment Ministry of South Korea, Vice Minister of National Agency of Environmental Protection of Denmark.
International Workshops were held in Shanghai in 1999 such as ¡°Sino-U.S. Chemicals Management¡±, ¡°Sino-Danish Cooperation in Energy and Environment¡±, ¡°Sino-U.S. Environmental Decision-Making Supporting System¡±. A set of international cooperative projects such as ¡°Study on Energy and Environment¡±, ¡°Energy Scheme and Analysis of Effect on Human Bodies¡±, ¡°Sino-British Demonstrative Centre of Motorcars¡±, ¡°Demonstrative Project for Phasing out Use of Ozone Depletion Substances (ODS) as Detergents¡±, and etc. were carried out following their respective schedules. Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau and U.S. EPA signed an agreement on Sino-U.S. collaborative ¡°Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Program for Motor Vehicle¡± in 1999.
Regards the activities of exchanges between sister cities, with Osaka Prefecture of Japan Shanghai made a dialogue on water quality protection technologies through Internet, and with Yokuhama of Japan shared experiences in industrial wastewater auto-monitoring techniques. Links for environmental protection between Shanghai and her sister cities Pusan of South Korea, Chicago of U.S.A and Rhone-Alps Great Region of France have been set up.

11.2 World Bank Shanghai Environment Project

Shanghai Environment Project using the loans from World Bank was basically completed. Among the project components, water intake relocation to the upper reaches of the Huangpu River (phase II) with a capacity of 5 million m3/d has been in normal operation, Wujing-Minhang Northern Sewer was completed and started commissioning, Songjiang Sewage Treatment Plant was basically completed and started its pilot run, a water quality laboratory located at Songpu Bridge has begun to fully monitor the water quality at source.

12 Environmental Protection Organisations

In 1999, there were 86 administrative organisations for environmental protection in Shanghai including 21 environmental protection bureaux, 22 environmental monitoring stations, 21 environmental supervision agencies at municipal and district/county levels, and other 22 institutions. Staff at municipal and district/county levels had 1,961 in total, of whom, 1,201 ones were professionals, accounting for 61.2%. In addition, many staffs in industrial sectors, universities and colleges, research institutions and others are also engaged in environmental protection.

13 Prospects of the Year 2000

13.1 Priorities

The year 2000 is a transition year of the centuries. It is the last year for fully accomplishing the Ninth Five-Year Plan and realising the objectives of this century. It is also a starting year for strengthening a Three-Year Action Plan for environmental protection and reconstruction. The priorities in Shanghai are to ensure fulfilling of the trans-century goals for environmental protection, i.e. ¡°one control and dual compliance¡± set up by the State Council, basic elimination of the odorous and septic condition in the main stream of Suzhou Creek, over 4 m2 per capita green space in the city proper, and over 21% of the green coverage rate. The investment for environmental protection will account for over 3% of the GDP in that year.

13.2 Major Measures

In order to achieve the goal of ¡°one control and dual compliance¡± in 2000, a set of environmental engineering and rehabilitation projects will be completed, including reconstruction of bridges and sluice gates on Suzhou Creek and its tributaries, integral flow regulating of Suzhou Creek, rehabilitation and removal of livestock farms in water source protection zone of the Upper Huangpu River and within the Inner Ring Road, compliance of industrial effluents with relevant standards, conveyance of 1.2 million m3/d of natural gas and its replacement for household use in Pudong New Area, replacement of all of the coal burning furnaces/stoves below a capacity of 1 t/hr within the Inner Ring Road by cleaner energy, construction of a set of large-sized green spaces in the city proper such as the phase I of Yan¡¯an Road (M) Greenland, and etc. Meanwhile, some projects would be prepared or started to construct, including construction of two refuse incineration plants located in Jiangqiao in Puxi and Yuqiao in Pudong, large scale Shidong Kou Sewage Treatment Plant and others in the upper catchment of Suzhou Creek, and rehabilitation project for Hongkou Gang system.

13.3 Assurance Systems

In 2000, Shanghai would speed up building three assurance systems to ensure the completion of all tasks. Firstly, the operational mechanism would be gradually established as a business and the investments for environmental protection would be increased. Shanghai would further make great efforts to establish and form a rational charging system on a cost basis. Market-oriented and multi-input mechanism should be introduced for environmental protection.

Secondary, a technological innovation system would be set up so that a technical support could be formed. Shanghai would bring the advantages in the fields of science, technology and talents into full play to solve some key technological problems as quick as possible which have been suppressing the environmental protection.
Thirdly, a system of laws and regulations would be improved to realise systematisation and regularisation of environmental management. Shanghai would formulate and improve a series of regulations concerning management of environmental sanitation, collection and sorting of domestic garbage, drainage management, protection of drinking water sources, control of motor vehicle exhaust, and etc. All of these would make the comprehensive environmental rehabilitation in accordance with laws and regulations.