1 General

1.1 National Economic and Social Development

The year of 2000 was the last year for implementing the 9th five-year economic and social development plan. In respect to the guiding principles put forward by the 15th Convention of Chinese Communist Party and the 5th Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of the Party, and a series of polices and plans drawn up by the State Council, the City of Shanghai has made great achievements in economy, infrastructure construction and social development under the leadership of Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Party and the Municipal Government. Living quality of the citizens has been further improved. Objectives for economic and social development in the 9th five-year plan have been successfully fulfilled

Consecutively Rapid and Sound Growth of Economy

In 2000, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Shanghai was 455.115 billion yuan RMB, 10.8% higher than that in 1999 based on a comparable price. The output value of primary industry was 8.165 billion yuan, 2.2% higher than that in 1999, while that of secondary industry was 218.69 billion yuan, 9.8% higher than that in 1999 (the gross output value of industry was 691.536 billion yuan, 13.5% higher than that in 1999), in which the output value of industry increased 199.16 billion yuan, 10.5% higher than that in 1999. The output value of tertiary industry was 228.26 billion yuan, 13.0% higher than that in 1999. The output values of primary, secondary and tertiary industries made up 1.8%, 48.0% and 50.2% of the GDP respectively.

New Changes in City¡¯s Appearance

Total investment of 45.14 billion yuan was fulfilled in 2000 for construction of urban infrastructure. 15 key construction projects were fully completed such as information port, No.2 Metro Line, No.1 Pearl Line, Tourist Tunnel across the Huangpu River, Phase III construction of Bao Steel Corp., natural gas supply in Pudong, and etc. In addition, constructions of some projects proceeded smoothly such as Rrehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, Shanghai Science and Technology Centre, International News Centre, Hu-Qing-Ping Highway and etc. Meanwhile, a modernised transport network, which comprises elevated road, track transit and highway, has taken shape in Shanghai.

Housing Conditions Improved

41.315 billion yuan was invested on dwelling house construction in the city in 2000 with total floor area of 14.7686 million m2 completed. Dwelling area per capita in urban districts reached 11.4 m2. In downtown area the flat roofs of 1,000 old buildings were renovated into slope-shape. Meanwhile 2,883,350 m2 of old dwellings were demolished, among which 2,651,000 m2 was listed into the renovation plan named as ¡°365¡± (renovation of 3.65 million m2 old sheds and shacks).

1.2 Three-Year Action Plan on Environment and Infrastructure Construction

Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Municipal Government held a meeting on population, resources and environment of Shanghai on the 8th April 2000. ?Implementation Guideline on Strengthening Environmental Protection and Infrastructure Construction in Shanghai? was released on the meeting. The Guideline put forward goals and implementation schedules for conducting a city-wide three-year action plan on environment and infrastructure construction in the fields of water pollution control, air pollution control, disposal of solid waste, afforestation and comprehensive rehabilitation of some key industrial areas. The action plan has achieved an effective start-up.

1.3 ¡°One Control and Dual Compliance¡± and Trans-Century Green Plan

¡°One Control and Dual Compliance¡±

Following the successful total pollution load control programme in 1999, emission of 12 key pollutants was stabilised in the year 2000, and some were further reduced.
By the 25th September 2000, three months ahead of deadline set by the State Council, 3,702 industrial enterprises reached emission compliance. Among them, 189 were key industrial polluters, accounting for 65% of the emission in total, while 462 were major industrial polluters, accounting for 20% of total emission, and the rest 3,051 ones were normal polluters.
Meanwhile, Shanghai reached its annual pollutant emission reduction target, that is, 34,647 ton of COD, 970.996 ton of oil, 8,632.97 ton of smoke and dust, 20,536.52 ton of SO2, and 21,342.97 ton of industrial dust, contributing a lot to the further environmental improvement. The environmental quality for air and water functional zones met with phased targets.

Trans-Century Green Plan

3 projects listed in the national programme of trans-century green plan, i.e., Songjiang Wastewater Treatment Plant, Wastewater Treatment Project in Gaoqiao Petrochemical Co., and Pollution Control Project in Hualian Pharmaceutical Factory were completed in 2000. By the end of that year, other 16 projects were accomplished, 9 ones were on going and 2 ones were under preparation.

1.4 Investment on Environmental Protection

The expenditure on environment in Shanghai is climbing up year by year. In 2000, it reached 14.19 billion yuan accounting for 3.12% of GDP in the same period. This investment was mainly used for control of old polluting sources, ¡°three-simultaneity¡± in new projects, urban infrastructure, afforestation and ecological conservation, regional comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, and capacity building of the departments responsible for environmental protection.

1.5 Environmental Hotline

On the 28th December 2000, a hotline for pollution accident or complaining call was opened. The emergency hotline is equipped with advanced computer network and a quick emergency response team. It is networking the whole city, connecting all the districts and counties, so as to ensure a quick response to the pollution emergency call. Opening of this hotline received high attention and support from the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government. It is encouraged to make use of the public capacity to monitor the pollution incidents, and helps the environmental departments improve their working efficiency. In the meantime, the hotline opened will be served as a basis for establishing a long-term administration mechanism with high efficiency. It will play a critic role in fighting against illegal pollutant discharges and in preventing potential accidents.

1.6 Environmental Rehabilitation for APEC

To welcome the APEC summit in Shanghai, a citywide environmental rehabilitation programme has been initiated together with the implementation of three-year action plan on environment and infrastructure construction. Priorities have been identified and detailed rehabilitation tasks have been deployed. A green concept will be introduced into this session of APEC. It is targeted that during APEC summit the ambient air quality will reach 100% compliance with API Class II level. Waterways surrounding major hotels will meet the requirement of clean water surface, tidy river bank, and green landscape. Ambient noise level in Shanghai will reach the national standard for certain functional zones. This rehabilitation programme will cover the area from 1 km beyond Inner Ring Road to downtown area, 1 km-wide along arteries connecting Hongqiao and Pudong International Airports to downtown, Yixian Road Elevated Road, Hu-Ning Expressway, waterways surrounding major hotels, water resource conservation area at the Upper Huangpu. The prioritised areas will be main avenues, established districts in Pudong New Area, hotel surroundings, and etc.

1.7 Standardised Services

Environmental protection departments in Shanghai joined the fifth examination on standardised services. With the inspection on the criteria such as training activities, protocol compliance, task fulfillment, public satisfaction, the examination aimed to improve the team¡¯s standardised, transparent, clean-fingered, and good-mannered administration as well as their working capability. The administration efficiency and service of the environmental departments in Shanghai have received high awards from the citizens. Administration by law and administration with good service has been accepted by the whole team. On the 11th October 2000, the environmental protection departments in Shanghai passed the appraisal by the Municipal Civilization Office and Civilization Office of the Municipal Construction Commission.

2 Status of Water Quality

2.1 General

Pollution of the surface water in Shanghai is characterised of comprehensive organic type. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate value, unionised ammonia, petroleum and total phosphorus are identified as the major variables in the surface water. Though improvements have been achieved in waterways in Shanghai through water environment rehabilitation, water protection at drinking water source is still facing tough challenges.

2.2 Current Status

Aquatic Environmental Quality

Main Stream of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 2000 showed that 6 and 9 variables of water quality at the sections of Dianfeng and Songpu Bridge were inferior to the standard limits of Category II respectively; 7 ones at the section of Linjiang were inferior to that of Category III, 4 ones at the section of Yangpu Bridge were inferior to that of Category IV, while one at Wusong Kou was inferior to the standard limits of Category IV. Compared with the observations in 1999, water quality in the Huangpu River seemed somewhat declined.

Upper Reaches of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 2000 showed that 6, 5, 9 and 9 variables of water quality at Dianshan Lake, Taipu River, Yuanxie Jing and Damao Gang were inferior to the standard limits of Category II respectively. Compared with the observations in 1999, the inflow water quality of the upper Huangpu River was somewhat declined.

Tributaries of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data of water quality in 2000 showed that some organic variables in tributaries of the Huangpu River in the city proper of Shanghai were inferior to the standard limits of Category V. Compared with the observations at Suzhou Creek in 1999, the water quality in the upper reaches of the Creek was basically maintained, that in the middle and lower reaches was somewhat improved. As regards the tributaries of the Huangpu River in the rural areas, the water quality failed to meet the Category IV requirement, except a few sections at Dianpu River where the water quality could be in compliance.

Estuary of Yangtze River

The observed water quality in 2000 showed that in the estuary of Yangtze River between Xuliujing and the mouth of the River most variables could be in compliance with the standard of Category II.

2.2 Discharge of Wastewater

In 2000, the discharges of industrial wastewater in the Municipality amounted to 720 million m3, 15.0% less than that in 1999. 1.39 billion m3 of industrial wastewater underwent the treatment with a rate of 98.2%, 2.5 per cent higher than that in 1999, while the treatment rate of industrial effluents in the urban area reached 98.3%, 1.1 per cent higher than that in 1999. The discharges of industrial wastewater per ten thousand yuan output value in the whole city was 18.5 m3, 13.0 m3 lower than that in 1999, while that in the urban area was 18.4 m3, 8.9 m3 lower than that in 1999.

In 2000, the discharges of domestic sewage in Shanghai reached 1.212 billion m3 with a treatment rate of 48.8% in the urban area.

The total loads of major pollutants in wastewater in 2000 were as follows:
? COD: 318,700 t (in which 69,300 t from industrial sources and 249,400 t from domestic sources);
? petrol: 2,680.72 t;
? cyanides (as ionised CN-): 10.37 t;
? hexavalent Chromium compounds (as Cr6+): 1.51 t;
? Mercury (Hg): 0.002 t;
? Cadmium (Cd): 0.11 t;
? Arsenic (As): 0.64 t;
? Lead (Pb): 2.00 t.

2.3 Measures and Actions

Focused on Suzhou Creek rehabilitation, a citywide rehabilitation campaign on medium-and-small sized waterways in Shanghai has been pushed forward. In 2000, Suzhou Creek reached its phased objectives set out by the Municipal Government. It has basically eliminated its black and stink conditions by means of sewage interception, water regulation and etc. Major waterways in the downtown and rural counties have accomplished the requirements of ¡°clean water surface, tidy river bank and green landscape¡±. Meanwhile, 55,979 water pollution sources were investigated; database and GIS for pollution sources were developed. These provide a sound basis for water pollution control planning and water environment rehabilitation.

Meanwhile, conservation at drinking water source has been further strengthened through series of activities, such as total pollutant load control, new pollution source control, discharge permit system and tradable permit in the water source protection zone. Following the completion of Wujing & Minhang sewage interception project (Northern Sewer), construction of link sewers has been continued. By the end of 2000, 90% of the industries with more than 95% of the industrial effluents, about 150,000 m3 in the area, were intercepted and discharged through outfall.

A pollution control plan on excretion from animals was prepared based on the concept of reducing, reducing and recycling. The number of livestock farms in Shanghai was cut from 1,600 to 1,000. Meanwhile, a long-term management mechanism has been developed.

Projects of Zhujiajiao, instead of Jinze as originally planned, and Liantang wastewater treatment plants, listed into the State Council¡¯s water pollution control plan on Taihu Lake, were prepared.

3 Status of Ambient Air

3.1 General

The pollution of ambient air in Shanghai is caused by petrol combustion as well as coal burning. Of the air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOX), total suspended particulate (TSP); sulphur dioxide (SO2) and dustfall are identified as major ones. The air pollution caused by coal combustion has been effectively controlled with improvement of balanced energy use; however, vehicle exhaust emission in the downtown area remains serious.

3.2 Current Status

Ambient Air Quality

Among the concentrations of air pollutants in Shanghai in 2000 compared with that in 1999, NOX was 0.003mg/m3 lower on a citywide basis while 0.009mg/m3 lower in the urban area and 0.001mg/m3 lower in the rural area. TSP was 0.020mg/m3 lower on the whole, while 0.012mg/m3 lower and 0.026mg/m3 lower in the urban and rural areas respectively. SO2 was 0.002 mg/m3 higher on the whole, 0.001 mg/m3 higher both in urban and rural areas.

Table Concentrations of NOX, TSP, and SO2 Observed
in Ambient Air of Shanghai in 2000
Unit:mg/m3

In 2000, the average pH value of precipitation in Shanghai was 5.19. The occurrence of acid rain was 26.0%, 13.9% higher than that in 1999.
The average dustfall in urban area was 9.81 t/km2?mon in 1999, 0.33 t/km2?mon lower than that in 1999.

Waste Gas Emission

The coal consumption in Shanghai reached 42.09 million t in 2000, 6.3% higher than that in 1999. The total volume of waste gas emission amounted to 639.81 billion normal m3, in which that from industrial sources amounted to 635.85 billion normal m3.

The total loads of major pollutants in the waste gas in 2000 were as follows:
? SO2: 464,900 t (in which 326,800 t from industrial sources and 138,100 t from domestic sources)
? Smoke-and-dust: 141,300 t (in which 83,200 t from industrial sources and 58,100 t from domestic sources)
? Industrial dust: 26,900 t

Treatment Status of Industrial Waste Gases in 2000
Fuel combustion exhaust accounting for 61.1% of industrial waste gases
Smoke-and-dust removal from fuel combustion exhaust: 89.7%
Processing exhaust accounting for 38.9% of industrial waste gases
Treatment of processing exhaust: 91.5%

Daily Announcement and Forecast of Air Quality

As required by the State Environmental Protection Administration, since the 1st June 2000, indices in the daily announcement and forecast of air quality have been adjusted. SO2, NO2 and inhalable particulate, instead of the original SO2, NOX and TSP, have been taken as the new indices. Citizens can learn the ambient air quality via mass media, like radio, television, newspaper and Internet web site (Shanghai Online). In 2000, 366 daily announcements were released, among which, 214 used new index system.

3.3 Measures and Actions

In 2000, vehicle emission control and clean fuel for stoves/furnaces were the focus in air pollution control in Shanghai. A notice on vehicle exhaust control was co-released by Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, No.3 Branch of State Transport Administration in efforts to place a more rigid control over vehicle emission. Any vehicles failing the emission test have to be rectified. Spot checks among 10 public bus companies and 10 taxi companies, as well as on-the-road check were taken. About 2,000 vehicles were checked, 75% of which were in compliance with exhaust emission standard. 37 new LPG filling stations and 1 CNG filling station for buses have been set up. 16,000 taxis were renewed or retrofitted by dual fuels of LPG and gasoline, and 300 buses were retrofitted by dual fuels of CNG and gasoline or diesel.
912 sets of coal-burning stoves/furnaces, surpassing the municipal¡¯s objective of 700 sets, were upgraded to use cleaner energies in 2000. The sulphur content of fuel coal in the power industry has been controlled below 0.8%. Small-sized turbines in Minhang Power Plant and Yangshupu Power Plant were closed. Jing¡¯an and Huangpu Districts have become the areas forbidden coal burning. Six districts, like Xuhui, Changning, Hongkou, Zhabei, Yangpu, Putuo and 36 neighbourhoods have become the air emission compliance areas. District heating has been advanced smoothly.

4 Prevention and Control of Solid Waste

4.1 General

The comprehensive utilisation rate of industrial solid wastes has been maintained high, while secure disposal of domestic refuses and hazardous wastes need to be further improved.

4.2 Current Status

Industrial Solid Wastes

In the year 2000, 13.547 million ton of industrial solid wastes were generated in the whole city, 11.9% higher than that in 1999. 15.159 million ton of wastes were reused comprehensively, in which 2.7059 million ton were deposits in previous years. The rate of comprehensive utilisation reached 93.3%, 0.3 percentage higher than that in 1999, in which, that in the city proper was 93.3%.

Domestic Refuse

5.2389 million ton of domestic refuse in the whole city of Shanghai was collected and transported in 2000, 4.82% increased from that in 1999. The sanitary disposal rate of domestic refuse reached 80.88%.

Fig. Comprehensive Utilization of Solid Waste during the Years of 1996 through 2000

4.3 Measures and Actions

In 2000, phase III extension project of Laogang Landfill for domestic refuse was completed. Construction of Jiangqiao Incineration Plant in Puxi and Yuqiao Incineration Plant in Pudong are ongoing smoothly. 690 residential areas, 20% of total, have started garbage sorting. 51 small-sized garbage compress and collection stations for domestic refuse have been newly set up. Meanwhile, Ordinance on Polystyrene Food Box Control (draft) was released, and an overall management and control system has been established by the sanitation authorities.

¡°Two systems¡± for hazardous wastes management were fully exercised in 2000. A ¡°system of quintuplicate manifests for transferring hazardous wastes¡± was fully implemented in 598 enterprises. In respect to the Ordinance on Waste Food Oil Pollution Control, catering and food processing industries in Shanghai registered their waste food oil. Enterprises processing or recycling waste food oil were certified. In addition, preparing and siting the secure landfill for hazardous wastes has been finished, and the project will start construction soon.

5 Ambient Acoustic Environment

5.1 General

The areal ambient noise level has improved greatly through noise control, however, traffic noise maintains high.

5.2 Current Status

Areal Ambient Noise

The monitoring data in 2000 showed that the average equivalent sound level for the areal ambient noise was 56.6 dB(A) in the daytime, 0.6 dB(A) lower than that in 1999; while at night it was 49.2 dB(A), 0.3 dB(A) higher than that in 1999.

Traffic Noise

The hourly traffic volume during daytime and at night on the arterial roads in Shanghai in 2000 was 1,768 and 834 vehicles, 35 vehicles more and 42 vehicles less than that in 1999 respectively. The monitoring data showed that the average equivalent sound levels of traffic noise during daytime and at night on the roadside in Shanghai in 2000 were 70.5 dB(A) and 64.1 dB(A), 0.2 dB(A) higher and 2.0 dB(A) lower than that in 1999 respectively.

5.3 Measures and Actions

In 2000, 38 neighbourhoods/townships were awarded as ambient noise compliance areas. A ban against horning by motor vehicles was further strengthened. The horning banned area has been extended from within the Inner Ring Road to include some parts of ambient noise compliance areas within and beyond the Outer Ring Road. The occurrence of horning by motor vehicles was basically controlled below 5% in the whole year. Meanwhile, horning from boats or barges is also forbidden in the east and middle section of the Suzhou Creek in downtown area. Noise from bus stations has been controlled by the bus companies. In addition, approval procedure for construction at night has become more rigid in order to have a better control over noise from construction or other activities. During the period of high school or college entrance exam, a campaign called ¡°quiet surroundings for exam ¡± was initiated.

6 Ambient Radiation

6.1 General

The ambient radiation in Shanghai is in the range of the natural background level, and the ambient electromagnetic radiation maintains secure.

6.2 Current Status

Routine monitoring on 8 sites in Shanghai showed that the complete absorb rate for¦Ãradiation on land is in the range of normal background level, and no abnormal radioactive nuclide was found in the media. The absorb dose rate for ¦Ãradiation and the radiation level of aerosol surrounding the radioactive sources are in the range of natural background level, too.
Negative impact from the electromagnetic radiation in the city arouses more concerns nowadays. Monitoring showed that at the surroundings of most electromagnetic radiation facilities, like broadcasting, communication, power facilities and etc., the ambient electromagnetic radiation level is in compliance with the national limits.

6.3 Measures and Actions

Supervision over radiation facilities has been rigidly enforced. In the year 2000, 115 key polluters were inspected, 8 projects were examined by procedure called ¡°three-simultaneity¡±, 20 radioactivity pollution permit bearers were checked, and some radioactivity wastes of 8 ton were securely collected and stored. An emergency response plan for radioactive accident was prepared and a study on quick prediction on the radioactivity in Shanghai when accidents occurs at the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station was conducted.

7 Afforestation and Ecological Conservation

7.1 General

Because of the dense population and intensive economic development for long period, artificial ecological system occupies the city, while natural biological resources are scarce. Improving the urban ecological conservation through afforestation in the downtown and establishment of natural conservation areas in rural areas is planned.

7.2 Current Status

Species Diversity of Flora and Fauna

Shanghai has 40 kinds of mammals, 424 kinds of birds and their sub-species, 14 kinds of amphibians and 32 kinds of reptiles. Among them, 58 kinds of fauna belong to the national special conservation species, and 46 kinds belong to the municipal special conservation species. 185 kinds of birds are listed into the Sino-Japan Transient Preservation Agreement, and 56 kinds of birds are listed into the Sino-Australia Transient Preservation Agreement.

Regarding floras in Shanghai, 300 kinds of species were aboriginal, while 350 kinds were immigrant.

Urban Afforestation

In 2000, 1,457.8 ha of new public green spaces in the city were opened and total green spaces in Shanghai reached to 12,601.4 ha. Among those, 828 ha of new green space were opened in the city proper, and the total green space in the city proper reached to 4,071 ha. The public green space per capita in the city proper rose up to 4.6 m2 from 3.62 m2 in the end of 1999. The green space covered 22.2% of the city proper rising from 20.34% in 1999.

30 pieces of green landscape, larger than 3,000 m2 each, have been setup. Such kind of green landscapes in Shanghai reach to 89 pieces, meeting the government¡¯s objective that each neighborhood in Shanghai shall own a green space larger than 3,000 m2. The public green space of 7.4 ha at Yan¡¯an Road for Phase I project was opened. 75 ha of green belt surrounding the city in the Baoshan section were completed.

Natural Conservation Area

Shanghai owns 6 natural conservation areas with total land area of 494.85 km2 and coverage of 7.8% in the city.

7.3 Measures and Actions

Depending on the administrative structure of ¡°two-level governments and three-level administration¡±, funds were collected for the afforestation projects in Shanghai. In particular, the green space construction in the city proper is pushed forward together with renovation of old city proper, demolition of sheds and shacks, infrastructure construction, relocation of polluting industries. With municipal and district governments¡¯ collaboration, construction of large-scale public green spaces in the downtown area of Shanghai proceeds quickly.

In 2000, the Natural Conservation Area of Jiuduan Shoal was approved by the Municipal Government. Meanwhile, examination and appraisal for Natural Preservation Area for Juvenile Acipenser Sinesis at the Estuary of Yangtze River have made strong progress. Meanwhile, education and promotion on natural conservation zones are promoted in various schools and from mass media in efforts to enable the citizen to have a better understanding of the purpose and features of natural conservation zones.

8 Environmental Management

8.1 Set-up of Law System for Environmental Protection

Legislation for Environmental Protection

In 2000, Shanghai Municipal Government issued the Ordinance on Polystyrene Food Box Control, Ordinance on Waste Food Oil Pollution Control, and Ordinance on Sulphur Dioxide Emission Levy, which came into effect in that year.

Enforcement of Statutes for Environmental Protection

In 2000, environmental supervision agencies at municipal and district/county levels set out 36,000 persons-times to conduct 24,500 times on-the-spot supervision over pollution sources, among which 9,500 times were for pollution accidents and for mediation of disputes between enterprises and their neighbours. To improve the control on the discharge outlet, 2,093 notice boards were set up. Automatic monitoring system was installed in some industries, such as Hansong Paper Mill, Shanghai Chlorine-Alkali Corp, and etc. In respect to relevant regulations crop straws are forbidden burning near airports and highways. During the period of college and high school entrance exam, the supervision agencies carried out 411 times of spot checks on 4,339 construction sites, in which 289 sites violating the relevant laws or regulations on night construction were punished.

Environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels issued a total of 894 administrative penalty verdicts to some entities or individuals who had violated the laws and/or regulations on environmental protection.

Administrative Penalties to Incompliance of Requirements for Environmental Protection in Shanghai in 2000
Type of case Percentage
Failing to follow formality of environmental impact assessment or
¡°three-simultaneity¡± 23.71%
Failing to complete task of pollution control
within a deadline 3.36%
Directly polluting water body or being in serious excess
of standard limits 22.82%
Emitting waste gases in serious excess
of standard limits 11.74%
Leaving pollution control facilities idle or dismantled 5.92%
Dumping solid waste without authorisation 1.34%
Noise disturbance 18.01%
Radioactive pollution 0.11%
Miscellaneous 12.99%

Levying of Pollutant Discharge Fees

The levies on discharge exceeding standard limits amounted to 112 million yuan in 2000.

Handling of Polluting Accidents

There were 8 major polluting accident cases dealt with in Shanghai in 2000 with indemnity and fines of 25,000 yuan in total. 328 cases of pollution or breaking the rules or regulations in shipping were investigated and handled in 2000 with total fines of 869,100 yuan, in which 581,400 yuan of the fines were of 39 cases caused by foreign cargoes.

Comments and Motions Proposed by People¡¯s Congress and People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference

In 2000, environmental protection departments at municipal and district/county levels received 194 written comments, proposals or motions concerning environmental protection raised by deputies of the Municipal People¡¯s Congress and the members of People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference. The environmental protection bureaux along with departments concerned carefully handled those comments and motions, which were fed back in time. The deputies and members were all satisfied with the responses.

8.2 Environmental Impact Assessment and ¡°Three-Simultaneity¡± System

In 2000, 118 environmental impact statements of construction projects were worked out, of which 56 ones were examined and approved at municipal level and 62 ones were at district/county level. 2,199 forms of environmental impact assessment for construction projects were prepared, of which 381 ones were examined and approved at municipal level and the rest 1,818 ones were at district/county level.

500 ¡°three-simultaneity¡± projects were examined and approved in 2000, of which 284 ones were at municipal level, and 216 were at district/county level. The total investment for environmental protection in accepted ¡°three-simultaneity¡± projects amounted to 1,170 million yuan, of which 1,040 million yuan were examined and approved at municipal level and the rest were at district/county level. The investment allocation for environmental protection accounted for 2.6% of the total for construction projects.
Environmental departments at various levels have enhanced their management on the whole process control over projects. During project preparation stage, those who failed to meet with relevant laws or regulations were turned down. 1,366 projects, after operation, were inspected on their implementation of ¡°three-simultaneity¡± system. The inspection results showed that the overall implementation of ¡°three-simultaneity¡± system in Shanghai was satisfactory. 93.1% of the municipal approved projects and 93.51% of district/county approved projects implemented the system.

8.3 Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring of Environmental Quality

Activities for monitoring the environmental quality proceeded in 2000 on air, surface water, noise, biota and radioactivity, and etc. A total of 816,000 data reflecting environmental quality has been collected. Of those data, 651,000 ones were auto-monitored and 98,000 ones were routine data of water quality, 45,000 ones were of air quality, and the rest 22,000 ones were of noise, biota and radioactivity.

Hydrological and water quality synchronous monitoring in the main streams of the Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek were conducted in 2000. Improvement of water quality in Suzhou Creek along with flow regulating was tracked in the whole process. The environmental monitoring agencies in Shanghai actively participated in monitoring of water quality for the National Offshore Network, the Yangtze River Network and the Taihu Lake Network. An on-the-road inspection programme for the motor vehicles was carried out too.

Monitoring of Pollution Sources

166,000 data were obtained from monitoring on key pollution sources in 2000. Among those data, 146,000 ones were of wastewater and 20,000 ones were for industrial furnaces/kilns or exhaust gases. Emission from 189 major pollution sources was monitored for rechecking the emission registration. 42 spot checks were paid to the sources, 1,132 were monitored and about 10,000 data obtained.

9 Public Participation

9.1 Written Materials and Interviews from Citizen

The environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels received 6,846 written materials or 1,052 interviews, totalling 2,158 persons-times, in 2000. The hottest problems complained in the materials or interviews by citizens were still the noise disturbance and air pollution, accounting for 42.5% and 32.4% of the total respectively. The appeals concerning improper planning and siting of construction projects, electromagnetic radiation, disturbance from traffic tended to rise.

9.2 Public Awareness

The 5th June, the World Environment Day

The theme of the World Environment Day in 2000 was ¡°2000 Environment Millennium ¨C Action Now¡±. Mayor of Shanghai, Mr. Xu Kuangdi, delivered a speech on television on that particular day. During the period of the World Environment Day, a special programme called ¡°For Our Green World¡± was broadcast on Shanghai Television. Those who have made great contributions to the environment, as well as an environmental education camp, were awarded. Shanghai Television (STV), Oriental Television (OTV), Shanghai Broadcasting Networks (SBN), Shanghai Education Television (SETV) co-broadcast some public advertisement on environment.

Shanghai Organising Committee of ¡°China Century Mission for Environmental Protection¡± launched a publicity activity called ¡°Retrospect and Vision ¨C Conserving Water Source and Improving Water Quality¡±.  

District and county government officials, as well as college, middle school, and primary school students flowed into the street and gave on-the-road promotion on environmental knowledge and achievements. The Century Square on the Nanjing Pedestrian Road was taken as the main venue for promotion of ¡°For Our Green World¡±.

Environment Website

Networking for environmental information was developed. Linkage between Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau with the satellite communication system VSAT of State Environmental Protection Administration, and with the wide-band communication system named ¡°magnolia¡± of Shanghai Municipal Government were set up. Meanwhile, based on the improved hard ware, a geographic information system has been developed. Shanghai Environment (http://www.sepb.gov.cn) and Shanghai Environment Online (http://www.envir.online.sh.cn) have been further developed and improved. As an official web site, Shanghai Environment owns 17 columns on government administration, environmental status, daily air quality announcement, complaining hotline, and etc. Shanghai Environment Online has newly opened a video/audio news service, which broadcasts about 70 pieces of news on the web in 2000. For the year 2000, over 550,000 persons-times visited ¡°Shanghai Environment Online¡±, with daily average visitor of 1,500 person-time and over 5,000 pages/d visited.

Environmental Education

In 2000, 21 green schools at municipal level were established. Green schools at municipal level totalled up to 36 in Shanghai and those at district/county level amounted to more than 150. Among them, Jincai Middle School, No.2 Caoyang Middle School, and Huaping Road Primary School were awarded as the national green schools. Environmental education in schools at various levels has been conducted. Under the guidance of Municipal Environmental Educational Co-ordination Committee of Shanghai, a series of activities concerning environmental protection, such as ¡°Johnson Green Life Initiative¡±, ¡°Shell Beautiful Scenery Initiative¡± and ¡°One Hundred Science and Technology Activities on Biology and Environment for Juveniles¡± were mushrooming in Shanghai.

Six universities in Shanghai, such as Donghua University, East China University of Technology, Tongji University, Fudan University, East China Normal University, and Shanghai University, have departments on environment for bachelor¡¯s degree or above. In these universities, environmental courses are set as selectable curricula for students in other departments.

10 Science, Technology and Industries of Environmental Protection

10.1 Science and Technology for Environmental Protection

In 2000, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau organised 25 scientific research projects on environment such as ?Tenth Five-Year Plan on Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Shanghai?, ?Tenth Five-Year Plan on Air Pollution Control in Shanghai ?, ?Study on Features and Control Measures for Micro-Particulate of Air Pollutants in Shanghai?, ?Feasibility Study on Management and Technical Guideline for Safety in Application of Bio-Technology for Environmental Protection? and etc.

24 scientific research projects were completed including ?Survey of Water Pollution Sources in Shanghai?, ?Geographic Information System for Environmental Protection?, ?Vehicle Exhaust Emission Control Plan of Shanghai?, ?Survey of NOX Pollution Sources and Study on Its Share in Shanghai ?, and etc. Findings from the studies have been accepted by Shanghai Municipal Government and agencies concerned, and become important basis for decision-making regarding comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, policy-making and environmental management.

10.2 Environmental Protection Industry

In 2000, three local emission and noise control standards were issued and enforced, including Smoke Emission Standard for Diesel Motor Vehicle under Free Acceleration Condition, Exhaust Emission Standard for LPG Mopeds under Idling Condition and Noise Limits for Mopeds. 9 technologies were listed into the key available technology recommended by State Environmental Protection Administration.

Products from 18 industries in Shanghai were certified as National Environmental Labelled Products including water-solvent painting, artificial wood sheet, recycled paper products, non-phosphorus detergent, wool textile free of cloth-eating insect, ecological textile, low-radiation colour TV, and degradable plastic packing products and etc.

To practise the operation of pollution control facilities as a business, 6 units in Shanghai passed through the state¡¯s examination and appraisal, and were certified. In addition, 10 units received qualification certificate for engineering designing of pollution control facilities.

10.3 Certification of ISO14001

In 2000, Jinqiao Export Processing Zone passed ISO14001 certification by State Environmental Protection Administration and was awarded the ¡°National Demonstrative Area of ISO14001¡±. To be a ¡°green bureau¡±, Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau initiated a ¡°green office campaign¡± and started its ISO14001 establishment. To welcome the APEC summit in Shanghai, Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau in collaboration with Shanghai Tourism Committee launched a campaign called ¡°Implementing ISO14001 and Establishing Green-Star Hotel¡±. A total of 46 enterprises passed through the accreditation of ISO14001 certification including Shanghai General Motor, Shanghai Oil Refinery, and etc.

11 International Cooperation

11.1 International Exchange

269 persons of 64 groups from various countries and regions paid visit to Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau in 2000, including honourable guests such as Minister of Environment of Australia, Minister of Environment of Italy, Vice Minister of Environment of Denmark. Exchange activities on environment were continued between sister cities, such as Chicago of USA, Hamburg of Germany, Yokohama of Japan, Oslo of Norway and etc.

International workshops were held in Shanghai in 2000 such as ¡°Shanghai-Oregon Sustainable Development¡±, ¡°Sino-Denmark Energy and Wastewater Treatment Technology¡±, ¡°World Bank Environment and Economy¡±. Several international cooperation projects such as ¡°Urbanisation on Environment in Shanghai¡±, ¡°Energy Scenario and Human Health¡±, ¡°Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Programme for Motor Vehicles¡± were ongoing following their respective schedules.

11.2 World Bank Shanghai Environment Project

World Bank loaned Shanghai Environment Project basically came to its end. Water Intake Relocation toward the Upper Huangpu River (Phase II) was completed. Extension of Songjiang Sewage Treatment Plant was completed and passed operation testing. Some technical assistance and training components are still ongoing. Preparation for the supplementary projects, including Renovation of Changqiao Wastewater, Renovation of Civil Wastewater Treatment Facilities, Renovation of Southern Trunk Sewer and Pump Stations, and Interception & Separation of Combined Storm and Foul Discharge in City Area, is underway

World Bank Shanghai Urban Environment Project has been identified, of which the Phase I project, Combined Sewerage Project (Phase III), will be started in early 2002. Phase II of ¡°Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek¡± has been listed into the yearly plan for 2003 of Asian Development Bank.

12 Environmental Protection Organisations

In 2000, there were 88 administrative organisations for environmental protection in Shanghai including 20 environmental protection bureaux at municipal or district/county level, 21 environmental monitoring stations, and other 27 agencies. Staffs at municipal and district/county levels had 1,996 in total, of whom, 1,263 ones were professionals, accounting for 62.3%. In addition, many staffs in industrial sectors, universities and colleges, research institutions and others are also engaged in environmental protection.

Approved by Shanghai Municipal Government, institutional structure of Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau is set as follows:

Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau

Division

Administration Office
Comprehensive Planning Division
Policy & Regulation Division
Science, Technology & Environmental Standard Division
Pollution Control Division
Aquatic Environment & Natural Ecological Conservation Division
Environmental Supervision and Project Management Division
International Cooperation Division
Personnel Division
Supervision Division

Subordinate Unit
Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Centre
Shanghai Environmental Supervision Institute
Shanghai Radiation Supervision Institute
Shanghai Environmental Training and Publicity Centre
Shanghai Hazardous Waste Management Centre
Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences
Shanghai Environmental Development Centre
Shanghai Environmental Sciences.
Journal
Logistic Centre for Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau

13 Prospective for the Tenth-Five Year Period (2001-2005)

The period for the tenth-five year plan, that is from 2001 to 2005, will be a crucial stage for Shanghai to basically form its shape to be an international metropolis under socialism, and one of the international centre of economy, finance, trade and shipping.

During that period, a legal framework for environmental laws and regulations under socialism market economy will be set up. Total pollutant load control and function zoning will be implemented in efforts to improve the overall environment. It is aimed to be one of the international metropolises with proper layout, optimized industrial structure, sound ecology, booming business and convenient living.

Main actions during the tenth-five year period are listed as follows. To improve water quality, particularly at the drinking water source, rehabilitation of waterways will be implemented with focusing on the Suzhou Creek. To improve the ambient air quality, balanced use of energy will be promoted together with vehicle exhaust emission control. Some engineering projects such as ¡°transferring natural gas from west to east¡± and ¡°transferring power from west to east¡± will be started to improve the balanced use of energy. Clean energy will be developed and promoted, so as to raise the energy efficiency and establish a secure energy supply system. Environmental rehabilitation on Wusong Industrial Zone will be completed. Noise control will be strengthened. Sorting and collection system for domestic refuses will be setup, following the concept of reducing, reusing and recycling of solid wastes. Greenery construction will be pushed forward, such as large-scaled public green spaces, city green belts surrounding the city, notch-shaped green spaces, embankment greenery, greenery in residential areas, artificial forest in rural areas. Meanwhile, conservation and proper exploitation of natural resources like land, water, sea and wetland will be enhanced.

Regarding environmental management, the system of discharge permit will be enhanced via administrative, economic and legal approaches. The environmental hotline network will be improved to tackle the pollution emergency. On-line monitoring facilities will be installed to track the real-time change of pollution sources. A professional and market-operating mechanism will be introduced in pollution treatment in efforts to improve the operation efficiency of treatment facilities. For the senior officials who fail to meet the duties assigned on the environment, their responsibilities will be investigated.