1 General

1.1 National Economic and Social Development

The year of 2001 was the first year implementing the 10th five-year economic and social development plan. In respect to the guiding principles put forward at the 15th Convention of Chinese Communist Party and the 6th Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of the Party, and Three Represents Theory raised by President Jiang Zemin, the City of Shanghai has made great achievements in economy, infrastructure construction and social development under the leadership of Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Party and the Municipal Government. Living quality of the citizens has been further improved. Phased objectives for economic and social development in the 10th five-year plan have been fulfilled, making a good start for realising the overall objectives for this 10th five-year plan.

1.1.1 Consecutively Rapid and Sound Growth of Economy

In 2001, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Shanghai was 495.084 billion yuan RMB, 10.2% higher than that in 2000 based on a comparable price, maintaining a consecutive two-digit growth over recent ten years. Restructuring of industrial sectors, particularly the development of secondary and tertiary industry, has pushed and consolidated the stable economic growth in Shanghai. The output value of primary industry was 8.55 billion yuan, 3% higher than that in 2000, while that of secondary industry was 235.553 billion yuan, 12% higher than that in 2000, and the output value of tertiary industry was 250.981 billion yuan, 8.7% higher than that in 2000. The output values of primary, secondary and tertiary industries made up 1.7%, 47.6% and 50.7% of the GDP respectively.

1.1.2 New Changes in City¡¯s Appearance

Total investment of 51.078 billion yuan was fulfilled in 2001 for urban infrastructure, 13.5% higher than that in 2000. Large investment has upgraded the level of urban infrastructure in Shanghai. 28 key construction projects were completed such as Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai International News Centre, Shanghai New International Expo Centre, Shanghai Juvenile Education Base, and etc. Meanwhile, some green landscapes have been opened to public, including 802 ha of green spaces in the city, and six sets of green space projects listed in the yearly municipal key engineering, such as green spaces of Yanzhong (Phase II), Taiping Qiao, Kaiqiao, Huashan, Daning, and Xujia Hui Garden.

1.1.3 Income and Housing Conditions Improved

The annual per capita disposable income for urban households reached 12,883 yuan, 9.9% higher than that in 2000, while the annual per capita disposal income for rural households reached 5,850 yuan, 5.1% higher than that in 2000. 48.606 billion yuan was invested on dwelling house construction in the city in 2001 with total floor area of 15.6745 million m2 completed. Dwelling area per capita in urban districts reached 12.1 m2, 0.3 m2 higher than that of the previous year. In downtown area flat roofs of 1,754 old buildings were renovated into slope-shape. Meanwhile 113 communities were renovated their utilities, 1,352 roof water tanks were discarded, and 26,500 households were benefited from these projects.

1.2 Three-Year Action Plan on Environment and Infrastructure Construction

Year 2001 was a crucial stage for Shanghai to implement a three-year environmental action plan, which attracted great inputs from governments at all levels. Most projects in this action plan have been moved forward on schedule, contributing to the improvement of overall environment in Shanghai.

Rehabilitation of medium-and-small sized waterways in Shanghai led by Suzhou Creek rehabilitation campaign reached its phased objectives. Water quality in Suzhou Creek has been improved and its aquatic ecosystem is in a course of the restoration. Air pollution control focusing on improvement of balanced use of energy and control of vehicle exhausts has obtained stage achievements. 38 enterprises moved out from downtown area. 85% days in 2001 complied with Class II level of Ambient Air Quality Indices. Greening in Shanghai highlighted with greening landscapes in downtown area and forestation in rural areas has made large step forward. Solid waste management is emphasized on non-harm disposal of household refuses. Phase I engineering of security landfill for hazardous waste with capacity of 25,000 t/yr has been completed. Comprehensive rehabilitation of industrial zones such as Wusong and Taopu has been implemented as scheduled.

Phased objectives achieved in 2001 formed a consolidated basis for fulfilling the overall targets of this three-year action plan in 2002.

1.3 Investment on Environmental Protection

The expenditure on environment in Shanghai was up to 15.29 billion yuan RMB accounting for 3.09 % of GDP in the same period. This investment was mainly used for control of old polluting sources, ¡°three-simultaneity¡± in new projects, urban infrastructure, greening and ecological conservation, regional comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, and capacity building of the departments responsible for environmental protection.

1.4 Institutional Reform

In 2001, Shanghai undertook an institutional reform on environmental management, aiming at accelerating the change of government function, improving efficient performance of government, and establishing a long-term management mechanism under market economy.

Administrative approval procedure is one among the reform. Catalogues for administrative approval were streamlined, cutting items on the approval list from 44 to 31 by 2001.

Environmental examination and approval procedure has also been improved. A newly established agency, Shanghai EIA Review Center, will undertake preliminary project checking and technical review on EIA. To improve the technical aspect of EIA assessment and create a fair and open competition among EIA contractors, a tendering process has been introduced.

Bidding process was also introduced in the research projects. During 2001-2002, 350 proposals were submitted to join the bidding, piloting a new approach in this field.

An institutional reform on environmental protection was taken at the district level in 2001. 19 districts and counties established local environmental protection bureaus, streamlining the roles of municipal and district/county EPBs.

Professionalised operation of pollution control facilities was introduced and will be expanded to 189 key industrial polluters in the city.

1.5 Environmental Rehabilitation for APEC

To host APEC summit in Shanghai, a citywide environmental rehabilitation program was implemented. 32 detailed tasks in terms of objectives, priorities, measures and responsible agencies were assigned to 16 concerned commissions and bureaus.

Rehabilitation and supervision activities were targeted and some illegal polluting enterprises were punished. 7,270 boilers and furnaces were renovated, in which, 665 were substituted with cleaner fuel, 121 abandoned stacks were dismantled, and 161 enterprises were closed down.

Average API during APEC in Shanghai was 49, complying with Class I of National Ambient Air Quality standard. Leaders and entrepreneurs from Asia-Pacific region attending this event were deeply impressed by the city¡¯s appearance.

1.6 Good Services Campaign

Following the standardized service examination passed in the previous year, environmental protection departments in Shanghai initiated a good service campaign in 2001, targeted at tough enforcement, best service and first-class management. Related departments signed their commitment letter and planned to fulfill this objective by 2005.

2 Status of Water Quality

2.1 General

Improvements have been made on surface water quality through a series of water rehabilitation program led by Suzhou Creek rehabilitation. Water quality in Suzhou Creek becomes better and targets of clean water surface, tidy banks and green landscape for other medium-and-small sized waterways have been basically achieved. However, water pollution still remains. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), permanganate value, unionised ammonia, petroleum and total phosphorus are identified as the major incompliant variables in the surface water.

2.2 Current Status

2.2.1 Aquatic Environmental Quality

Main Stream of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 2001 showed that 6 and 4 variables of water quality at the sections of Dianfeng and Songpu Bridge were inferior to the standard limits of Category III respectively; 5 ones at the section of Linjiang were inferior to that of Category III, 6 ones at the section of Yangpu Bridge were inferior to that of Category IV, while 2 at Wusong Kou were inferior to the standard limits of Category IV. Compared with the observations in 2000, water quality in the upper and lower reaches of the Huangpu River seemed somewhat declined, while that of the middle section has been improved.

2.2.2 Upper Reaches of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 2001 showed that 10, 6, 9 and 11 variables of water quality at Dianshan Lake, Taipu River, Yuanxie Jing and Damao Gang were inferior to the standard limits of Category II respectively. Compared with the observations in 2000, the inflow water quality of the upper Huangpu River from Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces was somewhat declined.

2.2.3 Tributaries of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data of water quality in 2001 showed that some organic variables in tributaries of the Huangpu River in the city proper of Shanghai were inferior to the standard limits of Category V. Compared with the observations at Suzhou Creek in 2000, the water quality at the upper reaches of the Creek was basically maintained, while that in the middle and lower reaches was somewhat improved.

2.2.4 Estuary of Yangtze River

The observed water quality in 2001 showed that at the estuary of Yangtze River between Xuliujing and the mouth of the River most variables could be in compliance with the standard of Category II.

2.2 Discharge of Wastewater

In 2001, discharges of industrial wastewater in the Municipality amounted to 680 million m3, 6.1% less than that in 2000. 95.4% of industrial effluent were discharged in compliance. The discharges of industrial wastewater per ten thousand yuan output value in the whole city was 20.3 m3. Discharges of domestic sewage in Shanghai reached 1.27 billion m3 with a treatment rate of 53.3% in the urban area.

The total loads of major pollutants in wastewater in 2001 were as follows:
? COD: 304,800 t
? NH3-N: 28,600 t
? petroleum: 1,653.24 t;
? cyanides (as ionised CN-): 8.02 t;
? hexavalent Chromium compounds (as Cr6+): 1.76 t;
? Cadmium (Cd): 0.01 t;
? Arsenic (As): 0.17 t;
? Lead (Pb): 0.73 t.

2.3 Measures and Actions

A citywide rehabilitation campaign on medium-and-small sized waterways in Shanghai led by Suzhou Creek rehabilitation has reached its phased objectives in 2001. Black and stink condition in Suzhou Creek has been eliminated. Water quality in Suzhou Creek and its tributaries are improving, and the aquatic eco-system is reviving as 4 species of fish return. Sewage interception engineering serves the area of 230 km2 along six tributaries of Suzhou Creek. It intercepts sewage of 150,000 m2/d from 254 pollution sources and conveyed them to the outfall for discharge. 36 livestock farms at those areas were closed or relocated. Meanwhile, sewage interception engineering for dry flow at Hongkou Gang and Yangpu Gang were completed, collecting sewage of 240,000 m2/d and 90,000 m2/d respectively.

Some river sections were titled as model sites because of water improvement, beautiful landscape or reviving of the ecological system, thanks to a citywide waterway rehabilitation which was targeted at waterways north of Dianpu He or south of Yunzao Bang and enforcement of a long-term effective management on major waterways in urban area and county-level waterways in rural areas. In 2001, 10,069 waterways with total length of 7,398 km joined the rehabilitation program, meanwhile, 2.94 million m2 of greenery were planted along the river banks and 7,562 m3 of sediments were dredged.

A wastewater treatment plant of 400,000 m2/d is under construction at Shidong Kou, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2002. The plant will treat sewage intercepted from Suzhou Creek catchment for protecting the water quality at the estuary of Changjiang.

3 Status of Ambient Air

3.1 General

The pollution of ambient air in Shanghai is caused by petrol combustion as well as coal burning. Of the air pollutants, inhalable particulate (IP) is identified as the major one. The air pollution caused by coal combustion has been effectively controlled with improvement of balanced energy use; however, vehicle exhaust emission in the downtown area remains serious.

3.2 Current Status

3.2.1 Ambient Air Quality

As to the concentrations of air pollutants in Shanghai in 2001, the yearly mean of NO2 was 0.044 mg/m3, 0.002 mg/m3 higher than that in 2000 for the urban area; and the yearly mean of SO2 was 0.024 mg/m3, 0.002 mg/m3 lower than that in 2000 for the urban area. The yearly mean of inhalable particulate was 0.100 mg/m3 in the urban area.

Unit: mg/m3

In 2001, the average pH value of precipitation in Shanghai was 5.20. The occurrence of acid rain was 25.2%, 0.8% lower than that in 2000. The average dustfall in urban area was 9.97 t/km2/mon in 2001, 0.16 t/km2/mon higher than that in 2000.

3.2.2 Waste Gas Emission

The coal consumption in Shanghai reached 44.68 million tonnes in 2001, 6.2% higher than that in 2000. The total volume of waste gas emission amounted to 762 billion normal m3, in which that from industrial sources amounted to 696.4 billion normal m3.

The total loads of major pollutants in the waste gas in 2001 were as follows:
? SO2: 472,600 t
? Smoke-and-dust: 135,200 t
? Industrial dust: 18,200 t

3.2.3 Daily Announcement and Forecast of Air Quality

In 2001, Shanghai continued its daily announcement and forecast of air quality. SO2, NO2 and inhalable particulate are taken as the indices. Citizens can learn the ambient air quality in Shanghai via mass media, like radio, television, newspaper and Internet web site (Shanghai Online).

3.3 Measures and Actions

In 2001, vehicle emission control and improvement of balanced use of energy were the focal points in air pollution control in Shanghai. API for 85% days in 2001 reached Class II level or above.

Cleaner fuel for coal-burning stoves/furnaces in the urban area has been promoted. First batch of coal burning forbidden areas has been set up, such as neighbourhood of Nanjing Road (W) in Jing¡¯an District and neighbourhood of People¡¯s Square in Huangpu District. 24 neighbourhoods have become the areas basically forbidden coal burning, 12 have become the air emission compliance areas, and 4 townships have become dust and smoke compliance areas. 910 sets of coal-burning stoves/furnaces were upgraded to use cleaner energies ahead of the schedule. 5,000 taxis were renewed or retrofitted by dual fuels of LPG and gasoline.

The environmental authority has a close collaboration with traffic police on checking the vehicle smoke emission at parking lot or on the roadside. 7,209 diesel buses and other 12,700 vehicles were tested, in which 86.8% and 77% were in compliance with exhaust emission standard respectively.

4 Prevention and Control of Solid Waste

4.1 General

The comprehensive utilisation rate of industrial solid wastes has been maintained high. Sorting of household refuses and secure disposal of hazardous wastes have progressed a lot.

4.2 Current Status

4.2.1 Industrial Solid Wastes

In the year 2001, 16.05 million tonnes of industrial solid wastes were generated in the whole city, 18.5% higher than that in 2000. 15.817 million tonnes of wastes were reused comprehensively, in which 340,000 tonnes were deposits in previous years. The rate of comprehensive utilisation reached 96.5%, 3.2 per cent higher than that in 2000.

4.2.2 Household Refuse

5.265 million tonnes of household refuse in the whole city of Shanghai was collected and conveyed in 2001, 0.5% increased from that in 2000.

4.3 Measures and Actions

In 2001, phase III extension of Laogang Landfill with daily capacity of 7,500 tonnes and Liming Landfill with daily capacity of 1,500 tonnes were put into operation. Yuqiao Incineration Plant in Pudong with daily capacity of 1,000 tonnes started its commissioning. Phase I of secure landfill for hazardous wastes was completed. 125 small-sized garbage compress and collection stations for domestic refuse were set up. 846 villages of 70 towns in rural areas have set up the collection system for household refuse. Garbage sorting have covered 30% urban areas in Shanghai.

5 Ambient Acoustic Environment

5.1 General

The areal ambient acoustic environment has been improved greatly through noise control, however, traffic noise still maintains higher.

5.2 Current Status

5.2.1 Areal Ambient Noise

The monitoring data in 2001 showed that the average equivalent sound level for the areal ambient noise was 56.0 dB(A) in the daytime, 0.6 dB(A) lower than that in 2000; while at night it was 48.7 dB(A), 0.5 dB(A) lower than that in 2000.

5.2.2 Traffic Noise

The hourly traffic flow during daytime and at night on the arterial roads in 2001 was 1,976 and 1,001 vehicles, 208 and 167 vehicles more than that in 2000 respectively. The monitoring data showed that the average equivalent sound levels of traffic noise during daytime and at night on the roadside in Shanghai in 2001 were 69.5 dB(A) and 64.5 dB(A), 1.0 dB(A) lower and 0.4 dB(A) higher than that in 2000 respectively.

5.3 Measures and Actions

In 2001, ambient noise compliance areas in the downtown were re-examined. Fengjing Town of Jinshan District and Xinhe Town of Chongming County were awarded as ambient noise compliance areas.

The horning banned area has been extended to the area beyond the Inner Ring Road within the Outer Ring Road since 1 June 2001.

During the period of high school or college entrance exam, environment, public security and construction authorities jointly got together to pay about 5,414 visits to some major noise sources, like construction and entertainment sites. 282 ones were punished because of higher noise. This action effectively controlled noise pollution from various sources. During APEC, noise sources surrounding the venue and some hotels were paid attention to, and inspection were enhanced to prevent unexpected noises.

6 Marine Environment

6.1 General

Shanghai owns 7,226 km2 of maritime spaces with isobath of 0-20 meters, 449 km of shoreline along East China Sea and 1797 km2 of intertidal zone. Marine water quality at near shore area is still not optimistic since the occurrence of red tide is high and pollution accidents still exists.

6.2 Current Status

Monitoring data on 52 parameters at 71 monitoring sites in May, August, and November of 2001 illustrated that coastal water bodies at Changjiang estuary were the major polluted area, particularly at outfalls of western and southern trunk sewers, Zhuyuan outfall, and Wusong Kou (mouth of the Huangpu River), and around Jinshan. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals and oil are the major pollutants. The littoral area of Shanghai is slightly polluted, while the open sea is still clean.

Occurrence of red tides at the Shanghai jurisdictional area was 10 times in 2001, and the most serious incident covered an area over 1,000 km2.

6.3 Measures and Actions

In 2001, temporary ocean dumping sites along the coastline of Shanghai were all closed down, meanwhile, ocean dumping and oil platforms were toughly regulated in order to reduce the pollution. More than 10 illegal dumping activities were investigated and punished by fining 172,000 yuan RMB in total.

Shipping pollution has been controlled. Bilge washing effluent from ships carrying chemicals in bulks were collected and treated in a centralized way. Since June 5 to the end of 2001, 278.5 m3 of washing effluent from chemicals carriers were collected and treated. In the meantime, security inspections were undertaken according to a seasonal pattern of the shipping. or for major events such as APEC.

Marine Ecological Preservation Area at Three Isles in Jinshan District was highlighted in the daily administration of Shanghai Ocean Bureau, who conducted two times of investigation and supervision in 2001.

Response to marine pollution incidents has been expedited. On April 17, 2001, a collision accident happened between a Korean cargo ship and a Hong Kong ship. Response team organized by Shanghai Marine Safety Administration went to the site in a short notice, effectively preventing pollution spreading.

7 Ambient Radiation

7.1 General

The ambient radiation in Shanghai is in the range of the natural background level, and the ambient electromagnetic radiation maintains secure.

7.2 Current Status

Routine monitoring on 8 sites in Shanghai showed that the complete absorbing dose for ¦Ã radiation on land was in the range of normal background level, and no abnormal radioactive nuclide was found in the media. The air absorbing dose for ¦Ã radiation and the radiation level of aerosol surrounding the radioactive sources were in the range of natural background level, too.

Negative impact from the electromagnetic radiation in the city arouses more concerns nowadays. Monitoring showed that at the surroundings of most electromagnetic radiation facilities, like broadcasting, communication, power facilities and etc., the ambient electromagnetic radiation level was in compliance with the national limits.

7.3 Measures and Actions

In 2001, 940 agencies dealing with radioactive materials were required to be registered. 71 units using radioactive isotopes were inspected.

Projects for ambient radiation management, such as Study on Natural Background Level of Electromagnetic Radiation in Shanghai, Emergency Response for Nuclear or Radiation Accident in Shanghai, and etc. were completed.

Radioactive wastes have been securely stored. 164 radioactive sources and 190 litres of waste radioactive liquid have been safely in place.

8 Afforestation and Ecological Conservation

8.1 General

Because of the dense population and intensive economic development, human ecological system occupies the city, while natural biological resources are limited. Environment has been improved thanks to the greening projects both in the downtown and rural areas.

8.2 Current Status

8.2.1 Species Diversity of Flora and Fauna

Shanghai has 40 species of mammals, 424 ones of birds and their sub-species, 14 ones of amphibians and 32 ones of reptiles. Among them, 58 ones in the fauna belong to the national special conservation species, and 46 ones belong to the municipal special conservation species. 185 species of birds are listed into the Sino-Japan Transient Preservation Agreement, and 56 ones of birds are listed into the Sino-Australia Transient Preservation Agreement.

Regarding floras in Shanghai, 500 species are aboriginal, while 350 ones are immigrants.

8.2.2 Urban Afforestation

In 2001, greening projects mainly on large green spaces in the downtown and afforestation in rural areas have made large progress. 802 ha of new green space were opened in the city proper. The public green space per capita in the city proper rose up to 5.5 m2 from 4.6 m2 in 2000. The green space covered 23% of the city proper rising from 21% in 2000. Each neighbourhood community realized its objectives of owning a green space of 3,000 m2. Some key greening projects such as green spaces at Yanzhong, Taiping Qiao, Huangxing, Xiujia Hui Garden (Phase I), Kaiqiao, Huashan, and etc., have been completed. In the meantime, 2,271 ha of forest, 780 ha of shelter belt along the coastline, and 793 ha of shelterbelt along the river banks were planted. Shanghai has improved its environment thanks to these greening projects.

8.2.3 Natural Conservation Area

Shanghai owns 6 natural conservation areas, in which, 3 ones are city-level natural conservation areas, 2 are forest parks at state level, and one is drinking water source conservation area of Category I level. Total land area of these areas reaches to 907.65 km2 with coverage of 7.8% in the city.

8.3 Measures and Actions

Through the administrative structure of ¡°two-level governments and three-level administration¡±, funds were collected for the afforestation projects in Shanghai. In particular, the green space construction in the city proper is pushed forward together with renovation of old city proper, demolition of sheds and shacks, infrastructure construction, relocation of polluting industries. With municipal and district governments¡¯ collaboration, construction of large-scale public green spaces in the downtown area of Shanghai proceeds quickly.

In 2001, a project on renovating the garden fence for a city¡¯s better view fulfilled its target of renovating 27,400 m2 of fence along main arteries and in the areas within Inner Ring Road. In 2001, Shanghai started to introduce market operation in the greening sector. Daily greening maintenance has been opened to public, and 20% of the work was contracted through bidding. Greening management at district level has been improved.

Chongming County successfully passed acceptation examination and becomes a state-level ecological model area. Meanwhile, a special agency was set up in Pudong New Area to strengthen the management on the Natural Conservation Area of Jiuduan Shoal.

An ¡°Ordinance on Forbidden Burning Crop-Straw during Summer and Autumn¡± was co-released by Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Agricultural Commission. Inspection and enforcement will be enhanced in this regard.

9 Environmental Management

9.1 Set-up of Legal System for Environmental Protection

9.1.1 Legislation for Environmental Protection

¡°Rules of Shanghai on Implementing Air Pollution and Prevention Law of China¡± was reviewed and passed by the standing committee of Municipal People¡¯s Congress of Shanghai in 2001, and has come into effect since January 1, 2002. As approved by the municipal government, ¡°Ordinance on Tracking Administrative Responsibilities for Person Violating Environmental Regulation (tentative)¡± co-released by Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Administration Supervision Committee. In 2001, Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau also issued other regulations, like ¡°Ordinance on Environmental Safety Management for Microbial Products Application in Environmental Protection (provisional)¡±, ¡°Ordinance on Installation of Monitoring System on Pollution Sources (provisional)¡±, ¡°Ordinance on Hazardous Waste Collection¡±.

9.1.2 Enforcement of Statutes for Environmental Protection

In 2001, environmental supervision agencies at municipal and district/county levels set out 54,883 persons-times to conduct 13,498 times on-the-spot supervision over 30,676 pollution sources, 24.4%, 52.45% and 25.21% higher than that of the previous year. Environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels issued a total of 1,672 administrative penalty verdicts with a fine of 13.2555 million yuan RMB in total to whom had violated the laws and/or regulations on environmental protection, near 100% higher comparing with 2000.

Enforcement has been upgraded with opening of environment emergency response hotline, which is called as Green 110. In 2001, 27,804 phone calls were received by the hotline, in which, 8,784 were for pollution report while 6,345 for comments and report feedback. Inspection teams were dispatched to the site to handle 3,384 pieces of complaint for more than 8,700 person-times in 2001. 430 illegal emission enterprises were penalized for over 2 million yuan RMB in total.

In the meantime, some special initiatives were launched, such as fighting against illegal pollution activities, compliance emission of industrial sources, exhaust control of vehicle and diesel buses, quite surroundings for exam, dust control from vehicles, ¡°three simultaneity¡± inspection on new construction projects, stopping black smoke from boiler and straw burning, inspection on waste oil processing, and etc.

9.1.3 Levying of Pollutant Discharge Fees

The levies on discharge exceeding standard limits amounted to 110.01 million yuan in 2001.

9.1.4 Handling of Polluting Accidents

There were 10 major polluting accident cases in Shanghai in 2000 with indemnity and fines of 161,000 yuan in total. 271 cases of pollution or violation of the rules or regulations for shipping were investigated in 2001 with total fines of 1.175 million yuan, in which 759,000 yuan of the fines were of 47 cases caused by foreign cargoes.

9.1.5 Comments and Motions Proposed by People¡¯s Congress and People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference

In 2001, environmental protection departments at municipal and district/county levels received 137 written comments, proposals or motions concerning environmental protection raised by deputies of the Municipal People¡¯s Congress and 154 ones from members of People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference. Of the total, 19 ones from the People¡¯s Congress and 55 ones from People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference, 15 pieces more than that of 2000, were forwarded to Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau. Those comments and motions were handled and fed back in time. The deputies and members were all satisfied with the responses.

9.2 Environmental Impact Assessment and ¡°Three-Simultaneity¡± System

In 2001, 138 environmental impact statements of construction projects were worked out, of which 37 ones were examined and approved at municipal level and 101 ones were at district/county level. 3,204 forms of environmental impact assessment for construction projects were prepared, of which 372 ones were examined and approved at municipal level and the rest 2,832 ones were at district/county level.

The total investment allocated for environmental protection accepted ¡°three-simultaneity¡± amounted to 1.44 billion yuan, accounting for 3.14% of the total for construction projects.

Environmental departments at various levels have enhanced their supervision on new projects. Environmental assessment for some key engineering were taken, such as Phase I of Yangshan Deep Sea Port, Shanghai Chemical Industrial Zone, Magnetic Rapid Transit, Lupu Bridge, Crossing Huangpu River Tunnel, and etc. Projects that failed to meet with relevant laws or regulations were turned down. Inspection on the implementation of ¡°three-simultaneity¡± was emphasized. 217 projects were inspected on their implementation of ¡°three-simultaneity¡± system, and 445 medium-and-small sized projects received special inspections. The inspection results showed that overall implementation of ¡°three-simultaneity¡± system in Shanghai was satisfactory. 100% had conducted the environmental impact assessment and more than 90% of the projects implemented the ¡°three-simultaneity¡± system.

9.3 Environmental Monitoring

9.3.1 Monitoring of Environmental Quality

Activities for monitoring the environmental quality proceeded in 2001 on air, surface water, noise, biota and radioactivity, and etc. A total of 1.132 million data reflecting environmental quality has been collected. Of those data, 961,000 ones were auto-monitored and 99,000 ones were routine data of water quality, 46,000 ones were of air quality, and the rest 26,000 ones were of noise, biota and radioactivity.

Hydrological and water quality synchronous monitoring in the main streams of the Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek were conducted in 2001. Monitoring at centralised drinking water sources and on the inflow from Taihu Lake Basin was increased. The influx of pollutants at upper Huangpu was tested, and the contribution of pollutants from neighbouring Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces to the drinking water source at Songpu Bridge was investigated. For rehabilitation of the Suzhou Creek, water samples were taken once a week at the sections in the downtown area for different tidal period, meanwhile, biological monitoring and lab study on aquatic ecology were also conducted. The environmental monitoring agencies in Shanghai participated in the water quality monitoring activities for National Offshore Network, Yangtze River Network and Taihu Lake Network.

Environmental monitoring agencies in Shanghai have completed the study on upgrading the ambient air monitoring system, and the optimization of automatic monitoring network. Four new automatic air quality monitoring stations have been established in Taopu, Baoshan, Putuo, Nanhui districts, as well as a sub-station in Wusong Industrial Zone.

9.3.2 Monitoring of Pollution Sources

160,000 data were obtained from monitoring on key pollution sources in 2001. Among those data, 140,000 ones were for wastewater and 20,000 ones were for industrial furnaces/kilns or exhaust gases. 126 major pollution sources was monitored for checking the registered emissions. 58 spot checks were paid to 640 sources, and about 6,000 data were obtained.

10 Public Participation

10.1 Written Materials and Interviews from Citizen

The environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels received 3,880 written materials and 1,066 interviews, totalling 2,496 persons-times, in 2001. 3,746 of the written materials and 1,041 of the interviews received were handled and ended, accounting for 96.5% and 97.7% respectively.
The hottest problems complained in the materials or interviews by citizens were improper planning of industrial zones, noise from construction at night, oily smoke from restaurants, noise disturbance, and air pollution in industrial zones.

10.2 Public Awareness

10.2.1 The 5th June, the World Environment Day

The theme of the World Environment Day in 2001 was ¡°Connect with the World Wide Web of Life¡±. Mr. Xu Kuangdi, the mayor of Shanghai, delivered a televised speech on that particular day. A special programme called ¡°For the One World¡± was broadcast on Shanghai Oriental Television. Mr. Qu Geping, chairman of Environment and Resources Committee of Standing Committee of National People¡¯s Congress, had a talk with citizens on the Internet.

10.2.2 Environment Publicity

Shanghai Organising Committee of ¡°China Century Mission for Environmental Protection¡± launched a contest on best environment news. Best news reporting activities launched by this mission in Shanghai and top 10 news on environment in Shanghai in 2000 were released.

A contest for 100 citizens entitled as ¡°friend of environment, and safeguard of environment¡± was promoted in Shanghai by Shanghai Organising Committee of ¡°China Century Mission for Environmental Protection¡±, Shanghai Municipal Civil and Ideological Promotion Office and Shanghai Environmental Education Co-ordination Committee. A lecture to public on environmental damages was held. The lecture was organised by the propaganda office of Municipal Committee of Communist Party and Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau. Accusation on violation activities to the environment was awarded.

During Shanghai Science and Technology Festival, a science promotion campaign with theme of ¡°concern about disposal of wastewater and garbage, improvement on living quality of citizens¡± was launched. Meanwhile, a series of seminars, such as application of biotech in environmental protection, establishment of an eco-city, and etc. were held. And the 4th Shanghai International Environmental Technology and Equipment Exhibition was also held in that period.

10.2.3 Environment Website

Construction of Environmental Info-Highway has made great progress in 2001. Linkage between ¡°Shanghai Environment¡± website and ¡°Shanghai-China¡± website has been established. ¡°Shanghai Environment Online¡±, a public website, has been further improved. Information capacity has been expanded and news added with 20 million characters more. Daily visitors of the website have been around 1,500, and pageview was over 5,000 per day.

10.2.4 Environmental Education

In 2001, a training course on environment & integrated decision making was held for senior officials in Shanghai. The course was organised by the Organisation Office of Municipal Committee of Communist Party, School of Municipal Committee of Communist Party and Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau. 46 top officials from districts, counties, commissions and bureaux in Shanghai joined this course. Seminars on sustainable development strategy, environment & integrated decision making, and outlook of environment in Shanghai were held in the course.

With the guidance from Shanghai Environment Education Co-ordination Committee, a series of activities on environmental protection were conducted in schools, such as ¡°Green Juvenile Volunteer Club¡±, ¡°Shanghai-Yunnan Juvenile Rain Forest Protection Campaign¡±, ¡°Shell Beautiful Landscape Initiative¡±, ¡°Dupont Cup Contest on Environment Knowledge¡±, ¡°Intel Web Contest on Environment Knowledge¡±, and ¡°One Hundred Science and Technology Activities on Biology and Environment for Juveniles¡±. More than 120,000 pupils of primary schools joined contest for ¡°national green safeguarder¡±.

An educational program called ¡°Dolphin¡± cooperated among Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau, Representative Office of Humbug in Shanghai, and ¡°Save Our Future¡± Foundation of Germany was initiated.

11 Science, Technology and Industries of Environmental Protection

11.1 Science and Technology for Environmental Protection

In 2001, tenth five-year plan on water pollution prevention and control, and tenth five-year plan on air pollution control in Shanghai as well as studies on cleaner fuel vehicle, Suzhou Creek rehabilitation, household waste treatment and disposal, and etc. were undertaken. These studies become important basis for decision-making in the field of comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, policy-making and environmental management.

In 2001, 10 scientific research projects on environment received Shanghai Science and Technology Award. Survey on Water Pollution Sources in Shanghai was awarded the first prize, other 3 ones for second prize and the rest 6 ones for third prize.

Scientific research projects for 2001-2002 were selected via an open invitation of proposals. 26 projects for Huangpu River protection, air quality management, eco-city development, rehabilitation and ecosystem restoration of Suzhou Creek and medium-and-small sized waterways, environmental management and policy, solid waste management and control, and etc. were included.

11.2 Environmental Industry

A survey on the environmental industry in Shanghai in 2001 showed that enterprises and companies in this sector was numbered up to 746 in total with 89,000 employees and annual output of 10.39 billion yuan, 1.3, 0.6, and 3.3 times higher than that of 1997 respectively. An Environmental Industry Development Plan is under drafting to aim at fostering a more advanced industry and a booming market. Green technology, green product, and green labelled products will be encouraged. By the end of 2001, products from 25 industries in Shanghai were certified as Environmental Labelled Products, covering 13 categories including painting, building material, textile, and degradable plastic packing products and etc.

11.3 Certification of ISO14001

In 2001, 65 enterprises passed through the accreditation of ISO14001 certification in Shanghai. The total number of ISO14001 companies has reached 155 ones in Shanghai. Wai Gaoqiao Free Trade Zone and Xinzhuang Industrial Zone passed ISO14001 certification by State Environmental Protection Administration in 2001, following Jinqiao Export Processing Zone in 2000. Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau, Shanghai Environmental Information Center and Logistic Center of Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau passed ISO14001 certification in November 2001.

12 International Cooperation

12.1 International Exchange

In 2001, Shanghai International Urban Environment and Sustainable Development Conference was held in Shanghai. More than 300 participants representing governments, international organizations, companies from 30 countries and regions attended this event, taking the opportunity to exchange their ideas on sustainable development, environment improvement, environmental economics and policy, urban infrastructure and public private partnership, and etc.

352 persons of 81 groups from countries and regions like South Africa, Germany, France, Norway, Russia, Saudi Arab, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Chinese Taipei and etc. as well as international organisations such as Environment and Social Development Bureau of Asian Development Bank, paid visit to Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau in 2001.

12.2 Co-operative Projects

Some international co-operative projects were completed in 2001, such as Sino-Swedish-UNDP ¡°Pilot Study on ODS Phasing Out¡±, Sino-Dutch ¡°CO2 Emission Reduction Scenario ? Shanghai Case Study¡± and ¡°Ecological Modelling Application in Eutrophication Study at Changjiang Estuary¡±.
Some ongoing projects are ¡°Water Quality Improvement at Upper Huangpu¡±, ¡°Upgrading Monitoring Capability in Shanghai¡±, ¡°Sino-US Air Quality Management¡±, ¡°Sino-US Inspection/Maintenance Program for Motor Vehicles¡±, and ¡°Energy Scenario and Human Heath¡±.

13 Environmental Protection at District/County Level

In 2001, progress has been made in the institutional reform, regulation enforcement, environmental supervision, quantitative examination of urban environment as well as establishment of model green town in districts and counties of Shanghai.

Huangpu District: Ambient air quality and water environment has been improved; noise has been effectively controlled; green space has been increased. In 2001, Huangpu District was awarded as ¡°National Sanitation District¡±.

Luwan District: In 2001, Luwan District fulfilled its target to renovate all the coal-burning furnaces/ovens into clean-fuelled ones. 152 mobile coal ovens owned by breakfast vendors were renovated as well. Green spaces at Yanzhong, Yulan Garden, and Taiping Qiao were opened to public, increasing 74,000 m2 of public green spaces.

Xuhui District: Rehabilitation of medium-and-small sized waterways is undergoing in Xuhui Districts. In recent years, about 10,158 m of embankment were renovated, 343,600 m3 of sediment were dredged, 40,000 m2 of illegal constructions along the banks were demolished, and 80,682 m2 of greening were planted along river banks.

Changning District: An environmental volunteer team was formed in Changning District. The team has played an active role in public environmental education, solving pollution disputes, and environmental supervision as well. Members of this group were about 1,000 people.

Putuo District: Green community has been promoted in Putuo District. The campaign will greatly promote the environmental awareness and social responsibilities among its inhabits. 7 communities were awarded as ¡°Green Community¡±.

Zhabei District: Pilot project for ¡°Green Community¡± was started in 2001, and the whole program will be promoted in 2002.

Yangpu District: To improve the water environment, 110 million m3 of flow were diverted and 115,000 m3 of sediment were dredged. Black and stink condition in the waterways has been basically removed. Greening and landscape along the riverbank have been improved.

Minhang District: Minhang District is a national environment model district. In 2001, the district completed the engineering of intercepting 923 pollution sources for Suzhou Creek improvement. On-line monitoring equipment was installed in 31 key polluters, so that online monitoring can cover the enterprises accounting for over 80% pollution load in the district.

Chongming County: Chongming County passed the examination by State Environmental Protection Administration in October 2001, and has become a state-level ecological model area. Chongming has invested about 1.863 billion yuan RMB on the infrastructure for key ecological projects. Some ecological villages have been set up.

14 Environmental Planning for the Tenth-Five Year Period (2001-2005)

14.1 Guiding Principle for Environmental Protection during 2001-2005

Under the guideline of Three Represents Theory raised by President Jiang Zemin, economic development in a sustainable way will be the main strategy for Shanghai to raise its competitiveness. Improvement of the city¡¯s overall environment will rely on pollution control and ecological conservation. Water environment rehabilitation, air pollution control, solid waste management, greening and rehabilitation of key industrial zones will be the major fields. With innovative policy and institutional system, a market based mechanism with government supervision and public participation will be set up to push the coordinated socio-economic development with the environment.

14.2 Overall Objectives for Environment during 2001-2005

By the year 2005, a legal framework for environmental laws and regulations under socialist market economy will be set up. Mass load of pollutants will be greatly cut down to meet the total pollutant load control quota defined by the state government. Black and stink in waterways in the downtown area will be eliminated, and the aquatic ecosystem will be gradually restored. API for 85% days or up to 90% in the year will reach Class II or better. The overall environment will be greatly improved. With proper urban layout, optimized industrial structure, and improved environment, Shanghai aims to be one of the best places for business and for living

14.3 Objectives for Water Environment

The long-term objectives for water environment: Water function zone will reach standard, fish will be back and the overall environment will be improved.

Objectives for water quality by 2005: Black and stink conditions in major waterways in downtown area will be basically eliminated, and water pollution in rural areas will be arrested. Water quality in Suzhou Creek and the Huangpu River will be further improved, and the aquatic system will be restored with fish coming back.

Objectives for riverside by 2005: Green belt will be planted along riverbanks; shelterbelt will be planted to prevent soil erosion and run-off.

Focuses:
? Enhancing pollution control in rural areas with focus on drinking water source protection and improvement;
? Rehabilitation of waterways in downtown area with focus on Suzhou Creek rehabilitation;
? Improvement of sewage collection system with full utilization of existing facilities to increase sewerage servicing rate;
? Promoting the construction of wastewater treatment plants and enhancing the sewage treatment rate in Shanghai.

14.4 Objectives for Ambient Air

Taking the opportunity of improving balanced use of energy, a citywide urban layout, energy and industrial restructuring will be implemented. By 2005, Shanghai will become a convenient place for business and for living. Major indices of ambient air will close to or reach the average level of similar metropolitans in developed countries in mid 1990s¡¯ level.

Focuses:
? Pollution control on smoke from stacks and vehicles, as well as dust and odours in the air;
? Effectively curb the deterioration of NOX pollution in the whole city and air pollution in the city peripheral area;
? A 20% reduction of SO2 on the basis of year 2000, and 10% cut for smoke and industrial dust;
? Great improvement of ambient air quality at residential areas, key polluted areas and in the city;
? Greatly reduce the concentration of TSP and inhalable particulate (PM10) in the air, and improve visibility in the city to make the sky bluer.