1 General

1.1 National Economic and Social Development

The year 2002 was the first year since China became the member of World Trade Organisation (WTO). In respect to the Three Represents Theory, the City of Shanghai has made great achievements in economy, infrastructure construction and social development under the leadership of Shanghai Municipal Committee of Chinese Communist Party and the Municipal Government. Living quality of the citizens has been steadily improved. Phased objectives for economic and social development have been fulfilled.

1.1.1 Rapid Growth of National Economy

The national economy maintains consecutively rapid growth. In 2002, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Shanghai was 540.876 billion yuan RMB, 10.9% higher than that in 2001 based on a comparable price, maintaining a consecutive two-digital percentage growth over recent eleven years. Restructuring of industrial sectors, particularly the development of secondary and tertiary industries, has pushed and consolidated the stable economic growth in Shanghai. The output value of primary industry was 8.824 billion yuan, 3% higher than that in 2001, whilst that of secondary industry was 256.469 billion yuan, 12.1% higher, and the output value of tertiary industry was 275.583 billion yuan, 10% higher. Proportion of the output values of the tertiary industries to GDP was increased up to 51%, and the comprehensive service function of the city is progressively improving.

1.1.2 New Changes in City¡¯s Appearance

Total investment of 58.349 billion yuan was fulfilled for urban infrastructure, 14.2% higher than that in 2001 and accounting for 27% of the investment for fixed assets. Among the infrastructure investment, 17.125 billion yuan was for transport, post and telecommunication, 1.7% higher than that in 2001; 20.168 billion yuan for municipal engineering construction, 13.4% higher; and 14.842 billion yuan for public utilities, 60.9% higher. Several key construction projects of urban infrastructure were completed such as Suzhou Creek rehabilitation (Phase I), Pudong section of Outer Ring Road, Shanghai section of Tong-San National Expressway, Waigaoqiao Port (Phase IV), greenland of Sichuan Road (N), and renovation of Changqiao Waterworks. The construction of three expressways, i.e., Shanghai section of Tong-San, middle section of Hu-Qing-Ping, and Xin-Feng-Jin, were firstly through public bidding. It symbolized the first formation of a ¡°15-30-60¡± expressway network (any key positions such as towns, industrial quarters, hubs of communications, and etc. to enter the expressway network by 15 minutes; any places in city proper to reach newly urbanising areas or to reach provincial border by 30 minutes; any two places in the expressway network to get to one another by 60 minutes) in the southwest part of Shanghai. In order to release the traffic congestion problem across the Huangpu River, more projects including Lupu Bridge, tunnel of the Outer Ring Road, Dalian Road Tunnel, Fuxing Road (E) Tunnel, and etc. are under construction.

1.1.3 Income Steadily Increased

The income of residences in both urban and rural areas has been steadily increasing. On an average, annual salary for employees was 19,452 yuan, 9.5% higher than that in the previous year. According to a survey, the annual per capita disposable income for urban households reached 13,250 yuan, 11.5% higher than that in 2001 on a comparable basis, whilst 6,212 yuan for rural households, 6.2% higher.

1.2 Three-Year Action Plan on Environment Protection and Reconstruction

The year 2002 was the last one for Shanghai to implement the first round of three-year environmental action plan. All projects were finished with efforts from all departments and levels to ensure the fulfilling of the three-year action plan on schedule.

By the end of 2002, 110 projects for water pollution control, air pollution control, solid waste management, afforestation, and rehabilitation of key industrial areas have respectively hit their phased targets set up in the three-year action plan. Total investment for those projects was up to 34.292 billion yuan. Through those projects, the environmental level has been consecutively improved. In the main stream of Suzhou Creek, black and stink condition has been substantially eliminated, key variables of water quality have reached the standards specified for water body for landscaping use, and its aquatic ecosystem started restoring. Air quality has been obviously improved. The number of days in 2002 when API (air pollution index) met Class II level or better was increased compared with that in three years before, nearly 10 percentage points increase annually. In 2002, the green space covered 30% of the city proper, rising from 19.8% in 1999, and the public green space per capita in the city proper rose up to 7.6 m2 from 3.5 m2. The social, economic, and environmental benefit of the environmental rehabilitation has been revealed gradually.

In 2002, the new round three-year action plan was worked out in the light of a principle ¡°higher starting point, higher standard and integration¡±. The new action plan places emphasis on adopting the standard up to the world advanced level, bringing forth new ideas and making a breakthrough in management, and focusing environmental rehabilitation on controlling pollution sources. There are six components in the second round three-year action plan including water pollution control programme, air pollution control programme, solid waste management, afforestation, agricultural ecosystem conservation, and comprehensive control of industrial pollution. The idea of giving priority to environment, sustainable development, and green civilisation is reflected by integrating environmental requirement into objectives and actions of different sectors.

The second round three-year action plan is to meet the environmental requirement for future development of the city in the course of following the previous round three-year action plan. It will be a programmatic document of environment protection for the next three years.

1.3 Environmental Planning and Total Pollution Loading Programme

In 2002, the Shanghai Tenth Five-Year Plans for Water Environment Rehabilitation and for Air Quality Protection, and Shanghai Allocation Programme of Major Pollutant Loading for Tenth Five-Year Period were approved to implement by Shanghai Municipal Government. According to the total maximum pollutant loading allocated by State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and specified by those two local plans, the targets of annual emission by 2005 are 400,000 tonnes SO2, 135,000 tonnes smoke-and-dust, 25,000 tonnes industrial dust, 278,000 tonnes chemical oxygen demand (COD), 33,400 tonnes ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and 95% comprehensive utilisation rate of industrial solid waste.

1.4 Investment on Environment Protection

The expenditure on environment in Shanghai was up to 16.239 billion yuan accounting for 3% of GDP in the same period. This investment was mainly used for control of old polluting sources, ¡°three-simultaneity¡± in new projects, urban infrastructure, afforestation and ecological conservation, regional comprehensive environmental rehabilitation, and capacity building of the departments responsible for environmental protection.

1.5 Deepening of Institutional Reform on Environmental Management

Shanghai is deepening the institutional reform on environmental management, according to the change of government function and the new situation since China joined WTO.

Since 2002, the administrative validation of qualification for environmental engineering design has been cancelled, whilst more administrative procedures have been readjusted such as approval of construction activities at night, qualification validation for recycling and processing of waste edible oil, and etc. After the readjustment and simplification of procedures, the post-supervision has been strengthened.

The reform on environmental examination and approval procedures has made new breakthrough. Since the separation of technical review process and administrative approval formality, the classified administrative system for construction projects has been further optimised. The management of less pollution or no pollution projects has been handed over to district/county level, whilst of key areas, heavily polluting sectors and major projects strengthened by the municipal bureau.

Bidding process on environmental impact assessment (EIA) of construction projects has been improved and extended to district/county level. Along with simplifying the approval process and improving efficient performance of administrative examination and approval, the systems of register for the record and informing for commitment have been on trial in some districts/county, and the management on commissioning and ¡°three-simultaneity¡± of projects has been enhanced.

Management and supervision on pollution control have been improved. Based on the new round of pollutant loading registration, the control over total pollutant loading and the issuance of emission permit have been reinforced. In the whole year, 3,157 permits for pollutant discharge were issued and the status of major pollutant discharges in terms of areas and sectors was basically understood. Online monitoring was introduced at key sources. Professional operation of pollution control facilities has been pursued to improve the effects of pollution control facilities. Totally, 28 units have obtained the national qualification to form the basis of total loading control and emission permit trading.

1.6 Good Service Campaign

In 2002, environmental protection departments in Shanghai continued their work on good service campaign. The objective of the campaign is to take a lead nationwide, set an example for the whole environmental sector, and attain the international level so as to have a good environmental quality, make good law enforcement, give good service, show good public image and win high praise. Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau (SEPB) organised spiritual civilization supervisors to interview staffs of bureaux at district/county level at some specific divisions such as dealing with complaint letters, administrative examination and approval, monitoring and supervision, and to call those whom they serve for. SEPB also entrusted Customer Assessment Centre of Shanghai Quality Association to evaluate the satisfaction of public. 830 units and 1,918 citizens were sampled randomly by questionnaires, among which 87% of units and 85% of citizens believed that the prospect of environment in Shanghai would have a bright future.

Opening governmental affairs were implemented as an important component of good service campaign. In the administrative examination and approval process, legal obligations of both administration and those whom it was to serve as well as related matter should be informed. Opening governmental affairs had different emphasis based on the requirement in the different periods. Newly adjusted context should be timely updated and noticed through relevant channels. According to their own situation, divisions of environmental departments, supervision contingents, monitoring stations, and etc. are to use appropriate ways to release such as via announcement, mass media, Internet, and etc.

2 Status of Water Quality

2.1 General

Rehabilitation of medium-and-small sized waterways in Shanghai led by Suzhou Creek rehabilitation campaign strengthened the management of water quality control. Water quality of main stream of Suzhou Creek has become better, and targets of clean water surface, tidy banks and green landscape for other medium-and-small sized waterways have been achieved. However, the water pollution problem has still remained in general. NH3-N, total phosphorous, 5 day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), petroleum, permanganate value, COD, and etc. were identified as the major incompliant variables in the surface waters.

2.2 Current Status

2.2.1 Aquatic Environmental Quality

Main Stream of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 2002 showed that 4 and 6 variables of water quality at the sections of Dianfeng and Songpu Bridge were inferior to the standard limits of Category II respectively; one and 2 variables at the sections of West Boundary of Minhang and Linjiang were inferior to that of Category III; one variable at section Nanshi Waterworks, as well as 2 and one variables at sections of Yangpu Bridge and Wusong Kou were inferior to the standard limits of Category IV respectively. Compared with the observations in 2001, water quality in the upper and middle reaches of the Huangpu River was basically maintained, whilst that in the lower reaches was somewhat improved.

Upper Reaches of the Huangpu River

The monitoring data in 2002 showed that 7, 3, 9, and 9 variables of water quality at Dianshan Lake, Taipu Canal, Yuanxie Jing, and Damao Gang were inferior to the standard limits of Category II respectively. Compared with the observations in 2001, the inflow water quality of the upper Huangpu River from Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces was somewhat improved.

Tributaries of the Huangpu River

Compared with the observations in 2001, the water quality in the upper and middle reaches of Suzhou Creek was basically maintained. Some organic variables in urban tributaries of the Huangpu River were inferior to the standard limits of Category V.

Estuary of Yangtze River

The observed water quality in 2002 showed that at the estuary of Yangtze River between Xuliujing and the mouth of the River most variables could be in compliance with the standard of Category II.

2.3 Discharge of Wastewater

In year 2002, discharge of industrial wastewater in the Municipality amounted to 649 million m3, 4.60% less than that in 2001. 94.86% of industrial effluent was discharged in compliance. The discharges of industrial wastewater per ten thousand yuan output value in the whole city was 15.4 m3. Discharges of domestic sewage in Shanghai reached 1.272 billion m3.

The total loads of major pollutants in wastewater in 2002 were as follows (unit in tonne):
? COD: 329,600
? NH3-N: 29,100
? Petroleum: 1,454.64
? Hexavalent Chromium compounds (as Cr6+): 1.54
? Cadmium (Cd): 0.01
? Arsenic (As): 0.15
? Lead (Pb): 0.36

2.4 Measures and Actions

The Suzhou Creek Rehabilitation Project Phase I, which began in 1998 based on the Shanghai Sewerage Project Stage I (SSPI), was finished in 2002. This programme focused on water quality improvement including over 10 components such as wastewater interception and treatment, flow regulating, sediment dredging, riverbanks rehabilitation, etc. By the end of 2002, the entire project has been fulfilled, and its effects revealed gradually. In Suzhou Creek, black and stink condition has basically been eliminated since 2000, the water quality improved, and the aquatic ecosystem under restoring.

In 2002, the protection for drinking water sources was strengthened. Service areas, locations of water source, and status of water quality of 187 waterworks below district/county level were investigated and monitored. Measures to conserve drinking water source in rural areas have been put forward to provide a foundation for further protection of water sources.

Current situation of eco-environment in Shanghai was investigated. There are six components in the investigation, i.e., statistics by different departments, remote sensing investigation, on-site investigation, typical sampling, eco-environmental information system development, and comprehensive analysis. Analysis based on remote sensing and GIS technology were the most important parts to enhance the practicability of the achievement.

Database of water pollution sources in Shanghai was updated. On the basis of data in1999, the changes in discharge from major industries and someone which had been closed down, stopped, merged, or switched to other production were updated. Four categories of pollution sources were identified, i.e., industrial effluent, domestic wastewater from trade/institution, domestic sewage from residential area, and livestock farming wastewater. 57,201 pollution sources were registered and positioned.

Plan for renewing pollutant discharge permits was worked out. After declaration, examination, verification, and establishment of database, 3,157 enterprises received their permits, in which 1,836 were formal ones and 1,321 provisional ones.

3 Status of Ambient Air Quality

3.1 General

The pollution of ambient air in Shanghai is caused by petrol combustion as well as coal burning. Of the air pollutants, inhalable particulate (IP) identified as the major one. The coal combustion derived air pollution has been effectively controlled with improvement of balanced energy use and restructuring of industrial sectors. However, vehicle exhaust emission in the downtown area remains serious.

3.2 Current Status

3.2.1 Ambient Air Quality

As to the concentrations of air pollutants in Shanghai in 2002, the citywide yearly mean of SO2 was 0.030 mg/m3, whilst that for the urban area was 0.035 mg/m3, 0.008 mg/m3 lower than that in 2001. The citywide yearly mean of NO2 was 0.051 mg/m3, whilst that for urban area was 0.012 mg/m3 lower than in 2001. The yearly mean of inhalable particulate in urban area was 0.108 mg/m3, 0.008 mg/m3 higher than that in 2001.
In 2002, the average pH value of precipitation in Shanghai was 5.39. The occurrence of acid rain was 10.9%, 3.2 percentage points lower than that in 2001. The average dustfall in urban area was 9.02 t/km2/mon, 0.95 t/km2/mon lower than that in 2001.

Table of air quality in Shanghai in 2002

3.2.2 Waste Gas Emission

In 2002, the total volume of waste gas emission amounted to 790.2 billion normal m3, in which 744 billion normal m3 was from industrial sources. The total loads of major pollutants in the waste gas were as follows (unit in tonne):
? SO2: 446,600
? Smoke-and-dust: 107,400
? Industrial dust: 15,000

3.2.3 Daily Announcement and Forecast of Air Quality

In 2002, Shanghai continued issuing its daily announcement and forecast of air quality. SO2, NO2, and inhalable particulate are taken as the indices. Citizens can learn the ambient air quality in Shanghai via mass media such as radio, television, newspaper and Internet websites (e.g., Shanghai Online and Shanghai Environment Online).

Totally, there were 365 issues of the air quality announcement made in 2002. 281 out of 365 days were claimed as in good air quality, which made up 77% of the total.

3.3 Measures and Actions

In 2002, improvement of balanced use of energy, restructuring of industrial sectors, control of vehicle emission and enforcement of dust control were the focal points in air pollution control. According to Shanghai Rules on Implementing Air Pollution Prevention Act of China, a planning to establish coal-burning-free areas in Shanghai was approved by Shanghai Municipal Government. 659.77 km2 have been delimited as coal-burning-free area. It will be fulfilled in several phases.

Cleaner fuel substitution for coal burning stoves/furnaces in the urban area was promoted. Luwan district developed as the first coal-burning-free district, 12 neighbourhoods became coal-burning-free neighbourhoods, 22 neighbourhoods became basically coal-burning-free ones, 2 townships became air pollutant emission compliance towns, and 4 townships became dust and smoke compliance areas. All the coal-burning-free areas covered 116 km2. 400 sets of coal burning stoves/furnaces were upgraded to use cleaner energies.
Inspection of the implementation of dust control was strengthened. An announcement has been issued requiring all trucks to closely transport construction debris and grit in order to strengthen the dust control.

More efforts were made to go through the administrative reporting and approval procedure for implementing national exhaust emission standard phase II (equivalent to European Standard II), to establish I/M system and to entrust other institution making annual check on vehicle emission. As on-site enforcement of checking emission from buses and diesel engine equipped vehicles had been strengthened, approximately 20,000 vehicle-times were checked on-road and forced to maintenance.

Table of dustfall in individual district/county of Shanghai in 2001 and 2002 (Unit: t/ km2/mon)

4 Prevention and Control of Solid Waste

4.1 General

To strengthen the management of industrial solid waste, a planning on pollution prevention for solid waste was started to work out in 2002, and the collection system for hazardous waste has been set up.

4.2 Current Status

4.2.1 Industrial Solid Waste

In 2002, 15.953 million tonnes of industrial solid wastes were generated in the whole city, 0.6% lower than that in 2001. 16.039 million tonnes of wastes were reused comprehensively, in which 450,000 tonnes were deposits in previous years. The rate of comprehensive utilisation reached 97.8%, 1.3% higher than that in 2001.

4.2.2 Household Refuse

In 2002, 3.769 million tonnes (in tonnage) of household refuse in the whole city of Shanghai were collected and conveyed.

4.3 Measures and Actions

Interior and trans-provincial transfer of hazardous wastes was strictly managed. 1,264 units producing hazardous wastes in Shanghai were listed into management system of manifest for transferring hazardous wastes. More than 120,000 tonnes hazardous wastes were transferred. A security landfill depot for hazardous wastes had been established and put into commissioning, and about 550 tonnes of various disposable hazardous wastes were received.

Hazardous wastes collection system in Shanghai was set up through public bidding process. 9 enterprises were accomplished and put into practice in 2002.

In respect to the decision of Shanghai Municipal Government, SEPB working with Shanghai Municipal Development and Planning Commission, Office of Legislative Affairs, Finance Bureau, Pricing Bureau, Planning Bureau, Public Health Bureau, Drug Administration Bureau, City Appearance & Environmental Sanitation Administrative Bureau, and etc. started security disposal of medical wastes. Related works were promoted, such as making planning, selecting sites, working out regulation and related finance and pricing policy, and etc.

5 Ambient Acoustic Environment

5.1 Current Status

5.1.1 Areal Ambient Noise

The monitoring data in 2002 showed that the average equivalent sound level for the areal ambient noise was 56.8 dB(A), 0.1dB(A) higher than that in 2001, whilst at night it was 49.4 dB(A), 1.2dB(A) higher than that in 2001.

5.1.2 Traffic Noise

The hourly traffic volume during daytime and at night along the arterial roads in 2002 was 2,045 and 1,177 vehicles, 119 and 124 vehicles more than that in 2001 respectively. The monitoring data in 2002 showed that the average equivalent sound levels of traffic noise during daytime and at night at the roadside in Shanghai were 69.6 dB(A) and 65.8 dB(A), 0.1 dB(A) and 1.3 dB(A) higher than that in 2001 respectively.

5.2 Measures and Actions

Five districts/towns, i.e., Zhoujiazui neighbourhood, Nanmatou neighbourhood, Shanggang residential area neighbourhood, Huamu town in Pudong New Area, and Jinshanwei Town of Jinshan County, with a total area of 42.37m2, were validated as ambient noise compliance areas. At night, the entrance sections of Hu-Ning Expressway and Hu-Hang Expressway were listed as banned area against horning, meanwhile Suzhou Creek, Chuanyang Canal, and Dianpu Creek were motorised-boats running forbidden areas. Thus, less disturbance to the residents along the lines was basically achieved.

During the period of high school, college and graduate school entrance exam, environment, public security and construction authorities jointly got together to prevent occurrence of high noise. Totally 10,828 sites, like construction and entertainment sites, were checked, and 476 ones were punished because of high noise. Hence, fairly quiet surroundings for the exams were ensured.

6 Marine Environment

6.1 General Status

Inshore marine water quality kept stable basically. Data retrieved at 109 monitoring spots in May, August, and November of 2002 illustrated that the open sea was still clean, whilst the littoral area of Shanghai is slightly polluted. The water bodies at Yangtze Estuary and north of Hangzhou Bay were somewhat heavily polluted, especially at the sewage outfalls along the coastlines. Inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, lead, petroleum, and etc. were identified as major pollutants. Occurrence of red tides in the jurisdictional marine area of Shanghai was 5 times in 2002.

6.2 Measures and Actions

The management on offshore projects and the conservation of marine environment were strengthened. In order to prevent and control the adverse impacts of offshore projects to the marine ecosystem, its dynamic monitoring was conducted during the implementation of Yangshan Deepwater Port Project (Phase I) and Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channelling Project (Phase II).

Management and control of the shipping pollution have been strengthened. In 2002, 240,000 m3 of oil containing wastewater, nearly 8,000 tonnes of wasted oil, and about 500 tonnes of washing effluent from chemicals bulk carriers were collected and treated. Shanghai Port Emergency Centre for Offshore Oil Spillage was established.
In 2002, enforcement of law and management on ocean dumping areas and offshore oil platforms were strengthened in order to control the pollution. Only 2 illegal dumping cases were investigated.

In 2002, a Shanghai leading group for preventing the red tide was established. A red tide monitoring area was set up, and a preparatory programme hereof was worked out to set the objectives and to guide the activities for prevention of red tide in Shanghai.

7 Ambient Radiation

7.1 General Status

Monitoring data on natural and artificial radioactive nuclides in 2002 indicated that the ambient radiation in Shanghai maintained secure and no abnormal change has been found in the media. Routine monitoring at 8 sites showed that the penetrating dose of ¦Ã radiation was in the range of normal baseline level.

Monitoring for ambient electromagnetic radiation at 10 sites in Shanghai showed that the background level of ambient electromagnetic radiation kept below the standard limit for residential area (4 kV/m) and was lower than the diurnal radiative limit for public health 0.1 mT set by International Radiation Protection Association.

7.2 Measures and Actions

In 2002, specific rehabilitation of security management of radioactive sources was put into practice to soundly improve the supervision on ambient radiation. 41 units using radioactive isotopes were inspected and illegal cases were punished, whilst the potential risk was warned. Radioactive wastes of 22 units were safely collected in place including 189 wasted radioactive sources, 2,083 kg radioactive wastes, and 160 litres of wasted radioactive liquid. The rate of secure collection and storage reached 100%.

40 transformer substations were verified as a result of strengthened management of electromagnetic radiation projects. According to Ordinance on Installation of Public Mobile Transmitting Station, 256 stations were monitored, meanwhile certificates of inspection of ambient electromagnetic radiation were issued to 186 stations.

8 Afforestation and Agro-Ecological Conservation

8.1 General

8.1.1 Species Diversity of Flora and Fauna

Of approximately 1,600 species of seed plants in Shanghai, merely more than 200 species are wild, only accounting for 0.4% of the total species found in China.

There are 40 species of mammals, 424 ones of birds and their sub-species, 32 ones of reptiles, 14 ones of amphibians, and 250 ones of fish. Among those species, 62 ones belong to Category I of the national preservation wild species, 56 ones belong to International Trade Convention for Endangered Wildlife. 185 species of birds are listed in the Sino-Japanese Agreement on Preservation of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats, and 46 species are listed in the Sino-Australian Agreement on Preservation of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats.

8.1.2 Urban Afforestation
Urban eco-environment has been improved as a result of the implementation of the urban afforestation programme. In 2002, 1,988 ha of new green spaces have been opened in the city proper. 65 pieces of newly built public landscaping green spaces are larger than 3,000 m2 each, and there are big open green spaces in the downtown area such as Old Town Park, Ever Bright City greenland, Sichuan Road (N) greenland, Xujiahui Park (phase II), and etc. A 97 km long greenbelt with 100 m in width around the city proper has been formed. 470 ha of new green spaces have been open in residential areas in 2002, and 8,800 m long enclosure wall has been renovated to be disclosed railing fence. By the end of 2002, the green spaces covered 30% of the city, and the public green space per capita has reached 7.6 m2. 10 parks such as Century Park, Jing¡¯an Park, and etc. were developed to a starred level.

Table of public green space per capita and vegetation-covering of Shanghai in period 1999 ~ 2002

8.1.3 Natural Conservation Area

In 2002, Dongtan (East Shoal) Nature Preservation Zone in Chongming Island was approved as ¡°International Important Wetland¡± by the State Council and its unveiling ceremony was held on 8 April 2002 in the event of the 21st Bird Care Week.

Recently, Dongtan Nature Preservation Zone and Jiuduan Shoal Natural Wetland Conservation Area are in the course of applying for conservation areas at state level.

8.2 Measures and Actions

A voluntary tree planting activity, namely ¡°developing gardenised city, creating green-home ¡ª million citizens having million trees¡±, was carried out. 40 million yuan have been raised from the society, and over 300 ha green space was constructed in the 400 m wide greenbelt along the Outer Ring Road. Detailed Planning for Urban Afforestation, Planning for Three Ecological Corridors, and Guidelines for Afforesting Newly Built Residences in Shanghai were worked out. Over 40 residential areas were set up as good afforesting examples, and over 90 old residential areas have completed their afforesting renovation programmes.

Rehabilitation of Longhua Gang system, Longxing Gang in Songjiang New City, and water regulating channel of Shugou Creek in Jiading district were finished. Related districts focused on the rehabilitation of 7 waterways including Xiaoji Pu in Baoshan district, Puhui Tang in Xuhui district, Zhangjia Bang in Songjiang New City, Yantie Tang in Jiading district, Yangpu Gang in Yangpu district, Zouma Tang in Zhabei district, and Zhangjia Tang in Minhang district.

Shanghai Tenth Five Year Sectoral Plan for Development of Livestock Farming was approved by Shanghai Municipal Government in 2002. Based on this plan, the areas are divided into livestock forbidden area, appropriately developing area, restrictively developing area, and shifting area. The livestock forbidden areas are the Upper Huangpu water source protection zone, within the Outer Ring Road, within 2 km either side along Suzhou Creek, and within 2 km away from central towns. Existing farms in the livestock forbidden area have to be shut down or moved out by the end of 2005.

9 Environmental Management

9.1 Set-up of Legal System for Environment

9.1.1 Environmental Legislation

Ordinance on Noise Control of Stationary Sources and Ordinance on Pollution Prevention of Waste Edible Fat and Oil were updated and re-issued by Shanghai Municipal Government in 2002. Based on a legislative investigation, Ordinance on Environmental Pollution Prevention of Catering Services (provisional) was drafted and under the formality of the municipal government. Compilation of Ordinance on Waste Lead-Acid Battery (provisional) was completed. Legislative investigations have been carried out on the implementation ordinances for Rules of Levying Pollutant Discharge Fees, disposal of medical wastes, radiative pollution prevention, and etc., whilst the preparation for legislation on the management of nature reserve of Jiuduan Sha.

9.1.2 Enforcement of Environmental Statutes

Enforcement of statutes was strengthened with emphasis on supervision and management of heavily polluting enterprises, municipal pollution sources, transport pollution sources and agricultural non-point sources. In 2002, environmental supervision agencies at municipal and district/county levels set out 43,237 person-times to conduct 12,555 times on-the-spot supervision over 35,246 pollution sources. A total of 1,819 administrative penalty verdicts were issued with a fine of 16.733 million yuan in total to those who had violated the laws and/or regulations on the environment protection.

The system of Environment 110 is perfecting. In order to define the responsibilities and operational mechanism for the centre and sub-centres of the environment emergency response hotline, SEPB released an Ordinance on Environment Emergency Response Hotline. Furthermore, a unique national environment emergency response hotline of ¡°12369¡± set up by the SEPA has been opened since 5 June 2002. 50,009 phone calls were received by the hotline, 80% more than that in the same period of 2001, among which 18,766 were of pollution complaints. 15,500 person-times of the inspectors were dispatched to the sites to deal with 2,458 pieces of the emergency complaints. At present, on-line monitoring devices in over 20 pollution sources have been linked with the hotline centre to monitor the emissions on a real time basis.

9.1.3 Levying of Pollutant Discharge Fee

The surcharges imposed on incompliant emissions amounted to 115.845 million yuan in 2002.

9.1.4 Dealing with Polluting Accidents

Preparatory Programme of Emergency Response for Dealing with Polluting Accidents has been worked out, and the procedure and network to deal with polluting accidents have been updated. A comprehensive drill was conducted.
There were 10 polluting accident cases in Shanghai in 2002 with fines of 721,000 yuan in total.

9.1.5 Comments and Motions Proposed by People¡¯s Congress and People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference

In 2002, environmental protection departments at municipal and district/county levels received 117 written comments, proposals or motions concerning environment protection raised by deputies of the Municipal People¡¯s Congress and 97 ones from members of People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference. Of the total, 24 ones from the People¡¯s Congress and 28 ones from People¡¯s Political Consultative Conference were managed by SEPB.
Those comments and motions were handled and fed back in time. The deputies and members were all satisfied with the response.

9.2 Environmental Management of Construction Projects

In 2002, there was a total of 267 environmental impact statements and 4,276 environmental impact reporting forms of construction projects examined and approved, and 880 projects filled their environmental impact registry forms. Among those, 63 statements, 273 reporting forms and 91 registry forms were examined and approved by SEPB.

Classified by industrial sectors, petrochemical industry accounted for 6.0%, power and steam generation 0.6%, paper making 1.0%, non-ferrous and mangling 0.8%, non-metal minerals production 0.4%, machinery and electronics 9.0% and others 82.2%.

To enhance the environmental protection in suburb township planning and construction, Implementation Submission on Enforcing Environment Protection in Township Planning and Construction in Suburb was co-released by SEPB, Shanghai Municipal Development and Planning Commission and Planning Bureau. Studies and compilation on Technical Guidelines for Regional Environmental Planning in Shanghai and Technical Guidelines for Regional Environmental Impact Assessment were organised by SEPB to provide with technical support.

Regional environmental impact assessment is promoted to conduct. Regional environmental impact assessments have been carried out in New Port City, Pujiang Town and Zizhu Park. Post-assessments for the integral project of Bao Steel Co. Ltd. and the project of Jinshan Petrochemical Complex are under implementation. Siting assessment of Lin¡¯gang Industrial Park and HQ Theme Park are also undertaken.

1,011 projects implemented ¡°three-simultaneity¡±, of which 895 ones were new construction projects, 92 extension projects and 24 technical renovation projects. Among those projects, 310 ones were examined and approved by SEPB, and the rest 701 ones were by district/county level. The investment allocated for environment protection in construction projects amounted to 12.96 billion yuan, accounting for 8.2% of the total.

In 2002, management was strengthened on the interim and final stages of construction projects. According to the statistics, there was total investment of 1.08 billion yuan for environment protection in finally ¡°three-simultaneity¡± qualified projects. The investment of 0.87 billion yuan were approved by SEPB whilst 0.2 billion yuan by district/county level.

9.3 Environmental Monitoring

9.3.1 Monitoring of Environmental Quality

Activities for monitoring the environmental quality proceeded in 2002 on air, surface water, noise, biota and radioactivity, and etc. A total of 1.63 million data reflecting environmental quality has been collected. Of those data, 1.40 million ones were auto-monitored and 110,700 ones were routine data of water quality, 59,800 ones were of air quality, and the rest 58,800 ones were of noise, biota and radioactivity.

Hydrological and water quality synchronous monitoring in the main streams of the Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek were conducted in 2002. The contribution of pollutants from neighbouring Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces to the drinking water source at Songpu Bridge was investigated. Monitoring at centralised drinking water sources and provincial boundary section of Taihu Lake Basin has been strengthened. The volatile and semi-volatile trace organic pollutants were tested at centralised drinking water sources, upper Huangpu, inflow section and provincial boundary section of Taihu Lake Basin. For rehabilitation of the Suzhou Creek, water samples were taken once a week at the sections in the downtown area for different tidal period, meanwhile, biological monitoring and lab study on aquatic ecology were also conducted. In 2002, the environmental monitoring agencies in Shanghai continued to participate in the water quality monitoring activities for National Offshore Network, Yangtze River Network and Taihu Lake Network.

9.3.2 Monitoring of Pollution Sources

99,500 data were obtained from monitoring on key pollution sources in 2002. Among those data, 87,400 ones for wastewater and 12,100 ones for industrial furnaces/kilns or exhaust gases. 168 major pollution sources were monitored for checking the registered emissions. 82 spot checks were paid to 700 sources, and about 56,000 data were obtained.

10 Public Participation

10.1 Written Materials and Interviews from Citizen

The environmental protection bureaux at municipal and district/county levels received 3,732 written letters, 58,932 phone calls and 985 interviews totalling 1,430 person-times in 2002. Among those, 3,575 of the letters, 58,284 of phone calls and 947 of interviews were handled and ended, accounting for 95.8%, 98.9% and 96.1% respectively.

Among the total 35,590 environmental complaints handled, 5,376 ones were for water pollution, 9,904 for air pollution, 16,549 ones for noise disturbance, 268 ones for solid waste pollution, 650 for radiative pollution, 1,663 for oil smoke pollution and rest 1,210 ones for comprehensive environmental issues, accounting for 15.1%, 27.8%, 46.5%, 0.8%, 1.8%, 4.6% and 3.4% of the total respectively.

10.2 Public Awareness

10.2.1 The 5th June, the World Environment Day

The theme of the World Environment Day in 2002 was ¡°Give Earth a Chance¡±. Mr. Chen Liangyu, the mayor of Shanghai Municipality, delivered a televised speech on that particular day. A memorial forum for 30th anniversary of the Conference on the Human Environment and 10th anniversary of Conference on Environment and Development was held. Series of public activities were organised in Shanghai, including environmental warning education, ¡°Exchange of Waste Batteries for Flowers¡±, distributing environmental cloth bags, and etc.

10.2.2 Environmental Publicity

The activities of memorial for 10th anniversary of ¡°China Century Mission for Environmental Protection¡± were held in Shanghai. The theme of ¡°Improving Eco-Environment and Protecting Drinking Water Sources¡± was determined by the organising committee. Best news reporting activities launched by this mission in Shanghai and the top 10 news on environment in Shanghai during 2001 ? 2002 were released. ¡°10-year Elaborate Collection of Best News during 1993 ? 2002¡± was edited.

In 2002, the first local environmental yearbook in China ¨C ¡°Shanghai Environmental Yearbook¡± was published in Shanghai. On the 20th anniversary of the journal ¡°Shanghai Environmental Sciences¡±, CD-ROM of Environmental Statute Book was published, together with a forum on environmental sciences held. All these have promoted the academic exchange in the field of environmental sciences.

Extensive activities to build up green agencies, green neighbourhoods, green schools, green trade, green hotels and etc. were taken in Shanghai.

Enterprises and industries participated in various environmental activities of public awareness, including Bao-Steel Co. Ltd., Shanghai Petrochemical Co. Ltd., Shanghai Volkswagen, Gaoqiao Petrochemical Co. Ltd., Shanghai GM, Electric Vehicle Power Supply, and etc. The social influence was spread, and the socialisation of environmental publicity improved.

10.2.3 Environment Website

In 2002, the ¡°Shanghai Environment¡± website was updated, and the management information systems were developed including applied software for registration of pollutant discharge. It promoted the publicity of environmental administration affairs as well as the information and management.

Accumulated 2,935,169 person-times visitors logged on the homepage of ¡°Shanghai Environment Online¡±. 1,011,532 persons-times were added in 2002, equivalent to about 2,771 visitors a day. The total pageviews were 10,694,478 in the whole year with daily pageview of 29,299, about 6 times of that in 2001.

10.2.4 Environmental Education

10 green schools at municipal level were developed in 2002, such as Shixi Middle School, Jingye Middle School, Hongkou Middle School, No.1 Primary School of Yuyuan Road, Jian¡¯guo Kindergarten of Xuhui district, and etc. Up to now, total 48 green schools at municipal level and nearly 270 ones at district level have been set up. There were total 9 schools awarded the title of ¡°Advanced Unit of Setting up National Green School¡±, in which 6 ones were newly added such as Yan¡¯an Middle School, Caojing Middle School, Caoyang Residential Quarter Kindergarten, and so on.

Exchange training activities for setting up green schools were organised by the primary and middle school office of Shanghai Environmental Education Coordinating Committee. Schoolmasters and deans of studies from nearly 50 green schools participated in those activities.

11 Science, Technology and Industries for Environmental Protection

11.1 Environmental Sciences and Technologies

In 2002, reform on management mechanism of scientific research was pushed steadily. Around important decision-making and management, open bidding on 13 scientific key projects were invited by two batches, such as the strategic selection of locality for water sources, water sources protection of the Huangpu River, non-point source pollution control of agriculture, management and control of soil contamination, drawing up pollutant discharge standards for key sectors, and etc. Several projects achieved the second or third prizes of Shanghai Science and Technology Award such as ¡°Development of Mathematical Model for Waterway Network and Planning Study on Water Environment Rehabilitation and Protection in Shanghai¡±, ¡°Technical Research on Environmental Biologic Toxicity Monitoring by Limnetic Photobacteria¡±, ¡°Research on Development of Energy in Shanghai in Coordination with Environment¡±, ¡°Zoning Study on Drinking Water Source Protection in Qingpu District¡±, and etc. More scientific payoffs of projects were under transfer negotiation, such as ¡°Toxicity Testing Technology by Limnetic Photobacteria¡± and ¡°Information Management System for Pollution Sources¡±. To improve the quality of scientific research projects, a process management has been adopted, and the enhanced supervision system was tried on four projects such as ¡°Study on Shanghai Air Quality Management System¡±. To upgrade the general capability and level of environmental research by encouraging scientific staff to make more achievement, ¡°Awarding Method for Scientific Achievement in Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau¡± was drafted and put into effect.

11.2 Forming up Framework of Environmental Standards

Local standards have been enforced to meet the new requirement of WTO. Development on a framework of environmental standard system in Shanghai was investigated and studied. By open bidding of scientific research projects, pollutant discharge standards were studied for 3 key sectors such as life pharmacy, chemical industry and semi-conductor. Assisting the pollution control and management on catering service, the standard of Oil Smoke Detection for Catering Service ¨C Gas Detector Method was issued and put into record.

11.3 Environmental Industry

In principles of simpler administration and decentralisation, work instruction and provision of service for enterprises, changes in the administrative function to environmental industry were carried forward steadily. The certification of environmental products, preliminary review and authorisation of environmental engineering design qualification have been transferred to non-official intermediary agencies. Along with organising certification of environmental labelled products, the publicity was actively carried out to promote green consumption by means of news media and large-scale activities. In 2002, total of 28 enterprises applied for certification of Environmental Labelled Products, doubled that in 2001. 2 key practical technologies were recommended to SEPA and 2 for re-examination. 4 units received the certification of environmental engineering design issued by SEPA. Another 8 units passed the initial review and are waiting for approval.

11.4 Certification of ISO14001

In 2002, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park and Caohejing High-Tech Developing Zone passed through the regional accreditation of ISO14001 certification, both of which are preparing the check and acceptance for ¡°National Demonstration Zone of ISO14001¡±. Communities including Youyou area passed the community ISO14001 certification. So far, there have been 214 enterprises in total got the certification of ISO14001 in Shanghai. To meet the requirement of joining WTO and upgrade the environmental management in Shanghai to the international level, the environmental protection bureaux of Chongming county and Putuo district have passed the ISO14001 certification, following SEPB to sparkplug ¡°Green Service¡± and ¡°Green Agency¡±.

12 International Cooperation

12.1 International Exchange

Shanghai was invited to participate in the session of World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg, South Africa, on which Shanghai was awarded the ¡°Special Contribution Prize of Urban Sustainable Development¡±. Leading the Shanghai delegation, Mr. Han Zheng, the deputy mayor of Shanghai Municipality, attended the session and accepted the prize on behalf of Shanghai.

The 35th Annual Meeting of ADB was held in Shanghai. On this event, a workshop on megacity environment was convoked.

International Engineering Consultancy Forum on the Sustainable Development of Shanghai was co-sponsored by Shanghai Municipal Government and International Federation of Consulting Engineering (FIDIC), providing projects consultation and financing of urban construction and environment protection.

The Third Asia-Pacific Regional Forum on City Informatisation was co-conducted by UNDP, China Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Municipal Government, on which the Session of City Informatisation and Sustainable Development was held. This session is the one of preparation workshops for the World Summit on Sustainable Development.

450 persons of 74 groups from different countries and regions visited SEPB in 2002, including the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, the Netherlands, the UK, France, Singapore, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, and etc. Important visitors included Mr. Klaus Toepfer, executive director of UNEP, Mr. Brende, Minister of Norwegian Environmental Agency, and director of the 9th sub-agency of the US EPA, the parliament president of Shizuoka county, Japan, former mayor of Gothenburg, Sweden, vice parliament president of Osaka, Japan.

12.2 Co-operative Projects

Some international co-operative projects were completed in 2002, such as ¡°Water Quality Protection Study on Upstream of the Huangpu River¡± implemented by Montgomery Watson Harza (MWH) and sponsored by the government of New Zealand, ¡°Improving and Updating the Environmental Monitoring System in Shanghai¡± implemented by Tetra Tech and sponsored by US EPA.

Some co-operative projects are under implementation, such as ¡°Pilot Project of Clean Diesel Application¡± organised by SEPA and sponsored by Italian government. As a pilot city, Shanghai implemented the project of ¡°Environmental, Economic and Policy Study on SO2 Emission Trading among Power Plants¡±, assisted by US Environmental Association.

13 Environmental Protection at District/County Level

Pudong New Area:
To be a national environmental model district and national neat district, 1,456 construction projects were through environmental examination and approved in 2002, together with the commissioning and acceptance check for the completion of 360 projects. 20 proposed projects which were unable to follow the orientation of sectoral development and/or to cause heavy pollution have been rejected. Permits of pollutant discharge were issued to 343 enterprises. Environmental monitoring station of Pudong New Area has passed the accreditation of national laboratory. The district government approved Environment Protection Plan of Pudong New Area, whilst the second round Three Year Environment Protection Plan of Pudong New Area was worked out and started implementing after being approved by Pudong government.

Xuhui District:
Stressing the concept of ¡°Quiet, Clean, Clear, Scenery and My Homeland¡±, objective of promoting ¡°Shanghai Model District of Environmental Protection¡± has been put forward firstly. Around five themes, i.e., public awareness, green action, environmental reconstruction, pollution prevention and relieving people of worries, 58 tasks were undertaken to promote the model district. 70% of neighbourhoods have become the areas basically coal-burning-free. Collection rate of classified household refuse has reached 70%. Among 256 restaurants with more than 150 seats each, 94.5% of pollution control facilities and their operation were in compliance. 28 green schools and 25 green quarters have been formed.

Changning District:
By raising money through multiple channels, afforestation has been pushed extensively to improve the living environment. Large-scale green spaces at Huashan, Kaiqiao and Xinjing Park have been opened to public. By the end of 2002, each neighbourhood has one piece of green space over 3,000 m2. The public green space per capita reached 5.2 m2 and the green space covered 27% of the district, successively ranking at the forefront in the urban area of Shanghai.

Putuo District:
Water environment rehabilitation is still the focal task. In 2002, 13,932.7 m of flood control embankment was built up, 560 m long landscaping belt was developed along the bank of Suzhou Creek, and 582,900 m3 of sediments were dredged. There were 24,983 m2 of floor area in illegal buildings or to be resettled dismantled, and 84,310 m2 of green space newly opened. 4,000 tonnes of refuse and 11,000 tonnes of Eichhornia crassipes were dredged out of waterways. Sewage and wastewater from 287 pollution sources were intercepted. Total of 97.81 million yuan was spent for the environmental rehabilitation.

Zhabei District:
41 sets of coal-burning boilers were retrofitted to use cleaner energy. Consumption of 16,827 tonnes coal was reduced, and emissions of 78.9 tonnes smoke & dust and 269.2 tonnes SO2 were cut down resulting from the retrofit.

Hongkou District:
Preliminary effect of rehabilitation of Hongkou Gang has been achieved. 2,111 households of residents, 103 units were moved away from the bank along the waterway, and 240,000 m2 of illegal buildings were dismantled. 570,000 m3 of sediments were dredged and 4,380 tonnes of floaters were scooped. 17.3 km long flood control embankment has been rebuilt, and 61,000 m2 green belts have been open along the riverbank. Black and stink condition of Hongkou Gang has been substantially eliminated by means of flow regulating and enhancement of management.

Yangpu District:
In 2002, further effort has been made on ambient air rehabilitation by closing, stopping, merging, switching and relocating major polluting enterprises. Substitution of cleaner energy and centralised heat supply have been pushed forward to set up basic coal-burning-free areas. Dustfall was reduced from 12.84 t/km2/mon to 8.45 t/km2/mon, 34.2% lower than that in 2001.

Huangpu District:
By the end of 2002, 6 neighbourhoods have become coal-burning-free neighbourhood, and the dustfall and TSP content in the air in the urban area have effectively reduced. The annual daily mean TSP content in the whole district was 0.215 mg/m3, below the limit set for a national neat city.

Luwan District:
In 2002, setting up coal-burning-free area was implemented actively. SO2 emission of 4 units which used heavy oil as fuel has been cut down over 52% by using the oil containing lower sulphur (about 0.5%) and biochemical additives. 141 registered coal burning catering businesses and 51 coal burning booths in open markets have substituted their fuels with cleaner energy. 540 unregistered coal burning catering businesses and mobile booths were clamped down. No coal burning mobile booths, nor bulk coal processing or sale places are allowed along all traffic arteries and sightseeing routes. 100% of residents have been using town gas as fuel.

Jing¡¯an District:
In 2002, promoting ¡°Green Unit¡± was pushed forwarded in Jing¡¯an district, including green quarters, schools, hospitals, shops, hotels, and green offices. 60% of neighbourhoods were set up as coal-burning-free areas. All units and individual businesses have been using cleaner energy. A large screen to publicise the environmental awareness has been erected and 705 outdoor units of air conditioners were relocated. In 2002, 773 letters or calls were received, and 100% were properly responded.

Jinshan District:
Rehabilitation of water environment was the focus. The comprehensive rehabilitation of medium-and-small-sized waterways was driven by the rehabilitation of Xie Tang. The first municipal model of landscaping waterway in Jinshan has been established in Xie Tang. Wastewater reclamation plants of the district and Shanghai Petrochemical Stock Co. have been expanded by 57,000 m3/d, and 74.3% of domestic wastewater was treated.

Minhang District:
Model district was promoted and the first round three-year action plan of environmental protection was accomplished. The structure of two governmental levels and three administrative levels has been set up for environmental protection. Reform of professional operation of pollution control facilities has proven effective and 365 enterprises have been involved. An on-line monitoring integrated system has been built up to link wastewater monitors in 35 key enterprises, one auto-monitor of air and three screens to display traffic noise levels. Website of ¡°Minhang Environment Protection¡± has been developed. 14 green schools, 8 green quarters and 4 environmentally beautiful villages were formed. Minhang Environmental Protection Bureau was awarded as ¡°National Advanced Unit of Promoting Civilized Sector¡±. The district environmental supervision team has become Grade I at national level.

Jiading District:
In 2002, promoting the model district of environment protection was implemented extensively and all indices were in compliance with the requirement of national model district. The total investment of 616 million yuan for environment protection accounted for 3.22% of GDP. Energy and water consumptions per ten thousand yuan GDP were 0.73 tonnes of standardised coal and 50.80 m3 respectively, lower than the citywide average level. The green space covered 35.10% of the established area, 57.97% of municipal wastewater were undergone treatment, 100% have been using town gas, and sanitary disposal of household refuses reached 86.64%, all higher than the respective average levels citywide.

Baoshan District:
Further progress has been made on rehabilitation of Wusong Industrial Zone. 5 production lines including a converter in No.2 Steelworks of Shanghai No.1 Iron & Steel Co. were shut down. 6 projects dealing with the existing pollution sources were completed and passed the examination and acceptance, including the secondary smoke and dust control in No.3 Steelworks of Shanghai No.1 Iron & Steel Co. With total investment of 30.00 million yuan, 26 projects in 21 enterprises excluding in an inventory identified by the municipal government were completed. Annual reductions in 20 tonnes of smoke and dust, 845 tonnes of industrial dust, and 217 tonnes of COD were achieved. On-line monitoring and supervision systems for 5 sets of wastewater treatment facilities, 3 sets of boilers and 5 wastewater-monitoring spots have been built up.

Songjiang District:
According to ¡°Government Promoting, Multiple-channel Financing, Market Operating¡±, the wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 35,000 m3/d and investment of 235 million yuan is under construction to resolve industrial wastewater and domestic sewage generated in 45 km2 of the east area of Songjiang district including Xinqiao town, Chedun town and Songjiang Industrial Zone. It will improve the water quality of the east area and the investment environment of Songjiang New City.

Qingpu District:
Water source protection at the Upper Huangpu has been enhanced. Polluting projects are banned in the protection area of water sources. Stricter supervision has been taken on 37 enterprises, which hold pollutant discharge permits there, to maintain the compliance rate of effluent discharges over 90%. Ecological afforestation for water conservation is speeded up and several pieces of conserving woods have been set up at Dianshan Lake, Xicen, and etc.

Nanhui District:
Promoting of ¡°Ecological Pilot Village¡± has been implemented extensively. An average of over 200,000 yuan per village was spent annually on pollution control, afforestation along roads and ditches, rehabilitation of waterways and collection & disposal of domestic refuse. Through the effort for two years, 47 villages have passed the examination and acceptance of ¡°Ecological Pilot Village¡± by the district government. Total of 1.50 million yuan has been invested on rehabilitation of 85 km long waterways. Over 0.20 million yuan has been used for noise control so that 100% acoustic compliance has been reached.

Fengxian District:
A coordination mechanism to handle letters/calls or visits has been initiated by set-up of a joint meeting system for environment protection. Led by the concerned departments in the district government, officers in public security, court, agriculture commission, economic commission, fishery administration, and etc. will attend the discussion once per month around the issues raised by environmental department. Factors resulting in environmental pollution are analysed to get solutions and countermeasures. It helps provide basis for decision-making and conflict settlement.

Chongming County:
By the end of 2002, 6.1 million trees have been planted, and 4,133 ha of woods and 667 ha of shelterbelt along the coastline have been afforested. 800 ha of nursery stock bases were added and 1,600 ha of economic fruit trees have been developed. The forest coverage has been up to 13.6%, 5 percentage points higher than that in 1997. Besides, the forestation projects were implemented, such as two segments of green belts along Chenhai Highway, afforestation on the west side of Pearl Lake, sightseeing path from Nanmen to Dongping National Forest Park, shelter belt along the coastline, and etc.